Selected Biomarkers Correlate with the Origin and Severity of Sepsis

Abstract

The microbial etiology and source of sepsis influence the inflammatory response. Therefore, the plasma levels of cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10), chemokines (CCL2/MCP-1, MIP-1β), heparin-binding protein (HBP), soluble CD14 (sCD14), and cortisol were analyzed in blood from septic patients obtained during the first 96 hours of intensive care unit hospitalization. The etiology was established in 56 out of a total of 62 patients enrolled in the study. Plasma concentrations of MCP-1, sCD14, IL-6, and IL-10 were significantly higher in patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP; n = 10) and infective endocarditis (IE; n = 11) compared to those with bacterial meningitis (BM; n = 18). Next, cortisol levels were higher in IE patients than in those with BM and CAP, and at one time point, cortisol was also higher in patients with gram-negative sepsis when compared to those with gram-positive infections. Furthermore, cortisol and MCP-1 levels correlated positively with the daily measured SOFA score. In addition, HBP levels were significantly higher in patients with IE than in those with BM. Our findings suggest that MCP-1, sCD14, IL-6, IL-10, cortisol, and HBP are modulated by the source of sepsis and that elevated MCP-1 and cortisol plasma levels are associated with sepsis-induced organ dysfunction.

The Pathogenesis of Sepsis and Potential Therapeutic Targets

“…In another study, baseline cytokine concentrations were measured using Luminex TM analysis; the results showed that serum MCP-1 levels in healthy males and females were 62.8 and 55.4 pg/mL, respectively. In children with meningococcal sepsis, serum MCP-1 levels were positively correlated with SOFA scores (r = 0.68), and in adults who died of sepsis, serum MCP-1 levels were meaningfully higher than those in survivors [107,108].…”

Detection of early cytokine storm in patients with septic shock after abdominal surgery

“…[7][8][9] Determining biomarkers for cytokine storms that meet the needs of early clinical diagnosis, risk stratification, therapeutic response monitoring, and prognosis evaluation has been a continuous goal of JOURNAL OF TRANSLATIONAL INTERNAL MEDICINE / APR-JUN 2020 / VOL 8 |ISSUE 2 researchers. [10][11][12][13] The time course of cytokine storms could, to a certain degree, be used to guide the clinical treatment. This study aimed to explore the characteristics of cytokine storm in patients with septic shock after abdominal surgery, examine its relationship with hemodynamics, and determine appropriate intervention timings for cytokine storms.…”

Heparin-binding protein as a novel biomarker for sepsis-related acute kidney injury

“…Biomarkers often represent only indicators of renal cell damage (Beker et al, 2018). In contrast, molecules involved in inducing the damaging insult are of much greater importance to be identified (Holub et al, 2018;Oberbauer, 2008). Inactivation and elimination of such toxic compounds originating mostly from endogenous production would be the highest priority.…”

“…Inactivation and elimination of such toxic compounds originating mostly from endogenous production would be the highest priority. Among those molecules inflicting damage at the renal microvascular structures and the proximal tubule are interleukins and proteases as well as neutrophil extracellular traps (NET) (Denning et al, 2019;Holub et al, 2018;Kumar et al, 2019). Many of them are secreted from effector cells and act as eliminators against the invading pathogens (Brinkmann et al, 2004).…”