Selected applications of operando Raman spectroscopy in electrocatalysis research

Beginner's Guide to Raman Spectroelectrochemistry for Electrocatalysis Study

“…The capability of Raman spectroelectrochemistry has been widely demonstrated in the thriving fields of electrocatalysis (Figure 3), as summarized in many reviews. [15][16][17] Here, we provide a general discussion with a glimpse of a few recent examples.…”

Advanced electrocatalytic redox processes for environmental remediation of halogenated organic water pollutants

“…In situ and operando spectroscopies are often employed to gain a mechanistic understanding of electron, ion, and mass transport at catalyst interfaces, 444 providing insights into the surface and bulk structure of catalysts, their composition, oxidation states, and adsorbed intermediates under reaction conditions. 436,441,445 In situ and operando spectroscopies additionally enable critical insights into reaction pathways, 446 especially when coupled with computational studies. Some of the most frequently used in situ and operando characterization techniques of catalyst materials are in situ Raman and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), 445,447 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 446 and the synchrotronbased techniques X-ray diffraction, 446 X-ray absorption spectroscopy, 448 near ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, 446 high-energy-resolution fluorescence-detection X-ray absorption spectroscopy, 449 and X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, 449 sometimes used in grazing incidence angle configuration to enhance catalyst surface specific information.…”

“…436,441,445 In situ and operando spectroscopies additionally enable critical insights into reaction pathways, 446 especially when coupled with computational studies. Some of the most frequently used in situ and operando characterization techniques of catalyst materials are in situ Raman and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), 445,447 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 446 and the synchrotronbased techniques X-ray diffraction, 446 X-ray absorption spectroscopy, 448 near ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, 446 high-energy-resolution fluorescence-detection X-ray absorption spectroscopy, 449 and X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, 449 sometimes used in grazing incidence angle configuration to enhance catalyst surface specific information. 450 To gain a more accurate and quantitative understanding of catalysts and to reveal critical insights into the thermodynamics and kinetics of species during electrocatalysis, theoretical approaches, such as first principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations and microkinetic modelling simulations are often combined with in situ and operando characterization techniques.…”

“…In situ and operando spectroscopies are often employed to gain a mechanistic understanding of electron, ion, and mass transport at catalyst interfaces, 444 providing insights into the surface and bulk structure of catalysts, their composition, oxidation states, and adsorbed intermediates under reaction conditions. 436,441,445 In situ and operando spectroscopies additionally enable critical insights into reaction pathways, 446 especially when coupled with computational studies.…”

Towards time resolved characterization of electrochemical reactions: electrochemically-induced Raman spectroscopy

“…Presently, chemico-physical information on e-chem processes are instead acquired, aside from electrochemistry, via in situ spectroscopic techniques, such as UV-vis spectroelectrochemistry, in situ Raman, IR and X-ray spectroscopy. [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] In such methods an electrochemical cell is constructed such that a spectroscopic signal can be read from the surface of the electrode; the signal is measured while a given potential is applied. Usually, in these experiments, when the signal is recorded, the system is in a steady state; e.g.…”