Sedentary Time, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Cardiovascular Risk Factor Clustering in Older Adults--the Generation 100 Study

Abstract

High age-specific CRF fully attenuates the adverse effect of prolonged sedentary time on CV-RF clustering, independent of meeting the PA consensus recommendation in older adults.

Relationship between hand grip strength and peak VO2 in community‐dwelling elderly outpatients

“…and 67% higher likelihood of clustering of cardiovascular risk factors (i.e., 3 of the following: hypertension, high blood glucose level, large waist circumference, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, or high triglyceride level) among community-dwelling older women and men, respectively [17]. Similarly, a systematic review has established that peak VO 2 has a significant association with metabolic syndrome [18].…”

Cardiorespiratory Fitness Is Inversely Associated With Clustering of Metabolic Syndrome Risk Factors: The Ball State Adult Fitness Program Longitudinal Lifestyle Study

“…Low cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) has been associated with the presence of metabolic risk factor clustering and MetSyn in numerous published studies 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31. However, the defining criteria for MetSyn, the assessment of CRF, and the specific cohort characteristics have varied considerably among these studies.…”

“…Early reports used higher thresholds for impaired fasting blood glucose (≥110 mg/dL [to convert to mmol/L, multiply by 0.0555]),18, 21, 23, 26, 27, 28, 31 hypertension (blood pressure ≥140/90 mm Hg),18, 27, 31 and/or varying measures/thresholds for abdominal obesity,17, 18, 27, 31 which were more consistent with the defining criteria for MetSyn at the time. Other studies used population- and/or country-specific definitions for abdominal obesity 17, 24, 28, 30. Only 3 recent reports incorporated the current MetSyn risk factor criteria for each of the 5 common markers—including drug treatment for hypertension, dyslipidemia, and/or elevated fasting glucose as a qualifying factor 25, 29, 30.…”

“…Other studies used population- and/or country-specific definitions for abdominal obesity 17, 24, 28, 30. Only 3 recent reports incorporated the current MetSyn risk factor criteria for each of the 5 common markers—including drug treatment for hypertension, dyslipidemia, and/or elevated fasting glucose as a qualifying factor 25, 29, 30. Of these, 2 of the studies included only older 30 or only younger 29 adults, and only 1 study included women 30 …”

“…Most of the published studies on MetSyn incorporated a CRF level estimated from a maximal exercise test,17, 19, 21, 22, 23, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 which has been associated with an estimation error of between 1 and 2 metabolic equivalents. Only 5 of the published studies on MetSyn used CPX-derived maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2max )23, 27, 28, 29, 30 to define CRF. Two of these studies used leg cycling as the mode of exercise, which is associated with 10% to 20% lower measured oxygen uptake as compared with treadmill testing 23, 27, 35.…”