Security Analysis of Discrete-Modulated Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution over Seawater Channel

Ruan, Xinchao; Zhang, Hang; Zhao, Wei; Wang, Xiaoxue; Li, Xuan; Guo, Ying

doi:10.3390/app9224956

Cited by 15 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 42 publications

(46 reference statements)

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“…Bouchard suggested a high dimensional BB84 protocol with twisted photons in outdoor conditions [ 20 ]. After that Ruan proposed a method to estimate parameters to improve CVQKD performance [ 21 ]. However, the implementation of MDI-QKD underwater has been waiting for some researches to fill the gaps.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving Underwater Continuous-Variable Measurement-Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution via Zero-Photon Catalysis

Wang

Zou

Mao

et al. 2020

Entropy

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Underwater quantumkey distribution (QKD) is tough but important formodern underwater communications in an insecure environment. It can guarantee secure underwater communication between submarines and enhance safety for critical network nodes. To enhance the performance of continuous-variable quantumkey distribution (CVQKD) underwater in terms ofmaximal transmission distance and secret key rate as well, we adopt measurement-device-independent (MDI) quantum key distribution with the zero-photon catalysis (ZPC) performed at the emitter of one side, which is the ZPC-based MDI-CVQKD. Numerical simulation shows that the ZPC-involved scheme, which is a Gaussian operation in essence, works better than the single photon subtraction (SPS)-involved scheme in the extreme asymmetric case. We find that the transmission of the ZPC-involved scheme is longer than that of the SPS-involved scheme. In addition, we consider the effects of temperature, salinity and solar elevation angle on the system performance in pure seawater. The maximal transmission distance decreases with the increase of temperature and the decrease of sunlight elevation angle, while it changes little over a broad range of salinity

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving Underwater Continuous-Variable Measurement-Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution via Zero-Photon Catalysis

Wang

Zou

Mao

et al. 2020

Entropy

Self Cite

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“…While mastering the basic protocol of DM-CV-QKD, its application range can be expanded according to its characteristics. It has the potential for communications in free-space channels (Hill et al, 2017;Mélen et al, 2017), satellite-to-earth channels (Liao et al, 2017a) and seawater channels (Ruan et al, 2019). In addition, MDI protocols against side-channel attacks and device-independent protocols with higher security are also worthy of further study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Theoretical development of discrete-modulated continuous-variable quantum key distribution

Liu

Li²,

Liu³

et al. 2022

Front. Quantum Sci. Technol.

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Continuous-variable quantum key distribution offers simple, stable and easy-to-implement key distribution systems. The discrete modulation scheme further reduces the technical difficulty. The main regret is that the security of discrete modulation schemes has not been sufficiently demonstrated. Schemes with different signal state distributions use various physical conditions to obtain the key rate formula, resulting in different security levels, computation complexities and implementation difficulties. Therefore, a relatively systematic and logically consistent security proof against most general attacks is worth exploring. On the other hand, extending the discrete modulation scheme and its variants to different applications, such as satellite-to-earth communication, can further activate and advance this field. Here, we briefly review the achievements that have been made in discrete-modulated continuous-variable quantum key distribution, and openly discuss some issues worthy of further research.

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“…Thus, aim of this approach is to generate high key rates for longer distances as well. Ruan et al 188 analyzed optical absorption and scattering properties of discrete‐modulated CV‐QKD. It is observed that the performance of four and eight‐state protocol in asymptotic and finite‐size cases is dependent on seawater composition, that is, if the composition is complex, then the performance of protocol decreases as well.…”

Section: Quantum and Post‐quantum Cryptographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantum computing: A taxonomy, systematic review and future directions

et al. 2021

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Quantum computing (QC) is an emerging paradigm with the potential to offer significant computational advantage over conventional classical computing by exploiting quantum‐mechanical principles such as entanglement and superposition. It is anticipated that this computational advantage of QC will help to solve many complex and computationally intractable problems in several application domains such as drug design, data science, clean energy, finance, industrial chemical development, secure communications, and quantum chemistry. In recent years, tremendous progress in both quantum hardware development and quantum software/algorithm has brought QC much closer to reality. Indeed, the demonstration of quantum supremacy marks a significant milestone in the Noisy Intermediate Scale Quantum (NISQ) era—the next logical step being the quantum advantage whereby quantum computers solve a real‐world problem much more efficiently than classical computing. As the quantum devices are expected to steadily scale up in the next few years, quantum decoherence and qubit interconnectivity are two of the major challenges to achieve quantum advantage in the NISQ era. QC is a highly topical and fast‐moving field of research with significant ongoing progress in all facets. A systematic review of the existing literature on QC will be invaluable to understand the state‐of‐the‐art of this emerging field and identify open challenges for the QC community to address in the coming years. This article presents a comprehensive review of QC literature and proposes taxonomy of QC. The proposed taxonomy is used to map various related studies to identify the research gaps. A detailed overview of quantum software tools and technologies, post‐quantum cryptography, and quantum computer hardware development captures the current state‐of‐the‐art in the respective areas. The article identifies and highlights various open challenges and promising future directions for research and innovation in QC.

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Security Analysis of Discrete-Modulated Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution over Seawater Channel

Cited by 15 publications

References 42 publications

Improving Underwater Continuous-Variable Measurement-Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution via Zero-Photon Catalysis

Improving Underwater Continuous-Variable Measurement-Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution via Zero-Photon Catalysis

Theoretical development of discrete-modulated continuous-variable quantum key distribution

Quantum computing: A taxonomy, systematic review and future directions

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