Second sound with ultracold atoms: a brief review

Abstract

We briefly review the research on second sound in ultracold atomic physics, with emphasis on strongly interacting unitary Fermi gases with infinitely large s-wave scattering length. Second sound is a smoking-gun feature of superfluidity in any quantum superfluids. The observation and characterization of second sound in ultracold quantum gases have been a long-standing challenge, and in recent years, there are rapid developments due to the experimental realization of a uniform box-trap potential. The purpose of this review is to present a brief historical account of the key research activities on second sound over the past two decades. We summarize the initial theoretical works that reveal the characteristics of second sound in a unitary Fermi gas, and introduce its first observation in a highly elongated harmonic trap. We then discuss the most recent measurement on second sound attenuation in a uniform setup, which may open a new era to understand quantum transport near quantum criticality in the strongly interacting regime. The observation of second sound in homogeneous weakly interacting Bose condensates in both two and three dimensions are also briefly introduced.

Winding real and order-parameter spaces via lump solitons of spinor BEC on sphere

“…For example, one may use focused laser lights coupled to different components to induce local perturbations, similar to the methods for measuring critical velocity [42][43][44] or exotic sounds (see Ref. [45] for a review) in cold atoms. It may also be possible to use optical Feshbach resonance [46][47][48][49][50][51] or other means to locally tune the spindependent coupling c 1 .…”

Winding real and order-parameter spaces via lump solitons of spinor BEC on sphere

“…Since the lumps are minimal-energy solutions with globally defined winding numbers, they will last longer while other non-soliton modes decay away. For example, one may use focused laser lights coupled to different components to induce local perturbations, similar to the methods for measuring critical velocity [43][44][45] or exotic sounds (see [46] a review) in cold atoms. It may also be possible to use optical Feshbach resonance [47][48][49][50][51][52] or other means to locally tune the spin-dependent coupling c 1 before turning it off.…”