Secoisolariciresinol Diglucoside and Cyanogenic Glycosides in Gluten-free Bread Fortified with Flaxseed Meal

Abstract

Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) meal contains cyanogenic glycosides (CGs) and the lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (1). Gluten-free (GF) doughs and baked goods were produced with added flaxseed meal (20%, w/w) then 1, and CGs were determined in fortified flour, dough, and bread with storage (0, 1, 2, and 4 weeks) at different temperatures (-18, 4, and 22-23 °C). 1 was present in flour, dough, and GF bread after baking. 1 was stable with extensive storage (up to 4 weeks) and was not affected by storage temperature. CGs in flaxseed meal and fortified GF samples were analyzed by H NMR of the cyanohydrins. Linamarin and/or linustatin were the primary CGs in both flaxseed meal and fortified flour. CGs decreased with storage in dough fortified with flaxseed meal or GF bread after baking. GF bakery food products fortified with flaxseed meal had reduced CGs but remained a good source of dietary 1.

Flaxseed: its bioactive components and their cardiovascular benefits

“…Flaxseed contains nitrogenous secondary plant metabolites called CGs. With a content of 250 -550 mg/g dry wt of seed (135), CGs are glycosides of cyanohydrins and include linamarin, linustatin, lotaustralin, neolinustatin, and amygdalin (Fig. 2) (134,135,156).…”

“…With a content of 250 -550 mg/g dry wt of seed (135), CGs are glycosides of cyanohydrins and include linamarin, linustatin, lotaustralin, neolinustatin, and amygdalin (Fig. 2) (134,135,156). Valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine are the primary amino acid precursors for aglycones of CGs (156).…”

“…This metabolic process is mediated through intestinal ␤-glucosidase-induced hydrolysis of glucosidic bonds. Cyanohydrin is further degraded to hydrogen cyanide, which is toxic to the respiratory, nervous, and endocrine systems (135). Although this may initially be considered a significant health concern, it is not for several reasons.…”

Economic effect calculation from new flaxseed solution for road dust suppression during open pit mining in Alexeevsky cement deposit in Mordovia: Case study

“…A = ×C 0 1 (16) where: C S -initial cost of sprinkler machine. Economic effect of the project will be determined by the difference in costs before the proposed innovations implementation and after their application.…”

“…The global flaxseeds market is projected to grow steadily with Russia's share for 16 % in oilseed flax (not far from leading Kazakhstan) [14]; [15]. Utilizing flaxseed in food processing is challenging, due to presence of cyanogenic glucosides [16]; but promising, because of high protein content [17]. Flaxseed can be utilized for oil production through pressing and separation.…”