Screening of Bioactive Compounds from Endophytic Marine-Derived Fungi in Saudi Arabia: Antimicrobial and Anticancer Potential

Abstract

Nowadays, endophytic fungi represent a rich source of biological active compounds. In the current study, twelve endophytic fungal species were isolated from Avicennia marina leaves. From the isolates, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium rubens and Alternaria alternata recorded the highest isolation frequency (80%), relative density (12.5%) and antimicrobial activity. The antimicrobial and anticancer activities of P. rubens were more effective than those of A. niger and A. alternata; therefore, its identification was confirmed via the ITS rRNA gene. Filtrate extracts of P. rubens, A. alternata and A. niger were analyzed using GC-MS and showed different detected constituents, such as acetic acid ethyl ester, N-(4,6-Dimethyl-2-pyrimidinyl)-4-(4-nitrobenzylideneamino) benzenesulfonamide, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, hexadecanoic acid and octadecanoic acid. Filtrate extract of P. rubens exhibited the presence of more compounds than A. alternata and A. niger. Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus were more inhibited by P. rubens extract than A. alternata or A. niger, with inhibition zones of 27.2 mm, 22.21 mm, 26.26 mm, 27.33 mm, 28.25 mm and 8.5 mm, respectively. We observed negligible cytotoxicity of P. rubens extract against normal cells of human lung fibroblasts (WI-38 cell line), unlike A. alternata and A. niger extracts. Proliferation of prostate cancer (PC-3) was inhibited using P. rubens extract, exhibiting mortality levels of 75.91% and 76.2% at 200 µg/mL and 400 µg/mL of the extract. Molecular docking studies against the crystal structures of C. albicans (6TZ6) and the cryo-EM structure of B. subtilis (7CKQ) showed significant interactions with benzenedicarboxylic acid and N-(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrimidinyl)-4-(4-nitrobenzylideneamino) benzenesulfonamide as a constituent of P. rubens extract. N-(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrimidinyl)-4-(4-nitrobenzylideneamino) benzenesulfonamide had the highest scores of −6.04905 kcal/mol and −6.590 kcal/mol towards (6tz6) and (7CKQ), respectively.

Phytochemical Characterization and Efficacy of Artemisia judaica Extract Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles as Inhibitors of Cancer Proliferation and Microbial Growth

“…Experimental findings by Qanash et al [ 3 ] regarding the molecular docking of natural compounds such as chlorogenic acid confirmed its bacteriostatic action against Proteus vulgaris and antivirus activities against human corona virus (HCoV-229E). Moreover, natural exudates from some fungi were docked with Bacillus subtilis and Candida albicans [ 53 ] to elucidate its antimicrobial potential.…”

Effectiveness of oil-based nanoemulsions with molecular docking of its antimicrobial potential

“…Investigation of these docked ligands and proteins revealed a very important molecular interaction. Recently, investigations associated to molecular docking were applied to document the antimicrobial activity of several natural constituents, for instance, chlorogenic acid activity against viruses such as human coronavirus (HCoV 229E) and bacteria such as Proteus vulgaris (Qanash et al 2022), neophytadiene against P. aeruginosa, luteolin against E. coli (Yahya et al 2022), chitosan nanoparticles loaded with Aloe vera gel against Helicobacter pylori (Al-Rajhi et al 2022b), and interaction of 2benzenedicarboxylic acid and N-(4,6-dimethyl-2-pyrimidinyl)-4-(4-nitrobenzylideneamino) benzenesulfonamide with proteins of C. albicans and B. subtilis (Al-Rajhi et al 2022c).…”

Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity of Endophytic Fungi Extract Isolated from Leaves of Sungkai (Peronema canescens)

“…Trichoderma can produce various secondary metabolites, such as isonitrile, diketopiperazine, sesquiterpenes, polyketides, alkylpyrone, and peptaibol (Khan et al, 2020;Wu et al, 2017). It has proven that 6-pentyl-𝛼-pyron, which is produced by T. harzianum and T. hamatum, efficiently has antioxidant and antibacterial properties against Acidovorax avenae, Erutimcarafavora, and Xanthomonas campestris (Al Rajhi et al, 2022;Baazeem et al, 2021). T. asperellum is also known to contain compounds such as alkaloids, tannins, phenolics, triterpenoids, and flavonoids which effectively have bioactivity, such as antipyretic, antibacterial, anticancer, and antioxidant (Gu et al, 2022;Karuppiah et al, 2019;Scudeletti et al, 2021;Singh et al, 2021).…”