Scratching the Surface Takes a Toll: Immune Recognition of Viral Proteins by Surface Toll-like Receptors

Hatton, Alexis Alexandria; Guerra, Fermin E.

doi:10.3390/v15010052

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 219 publications

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“…The viral surface glycoprotein (VSV-G) was hypothesized to be the PAMP that induced this cellular response (199). Toll7, the Drosophila TLR ortholog, was found to detect VSV on the cell surface, according to recent studies (200). Toll7 signaling was triggered by VSV infection, and blocking this signaling led to elevated viral protein levels in vitro and pathogenicity in vivo (201).…”

Section: The Autophagy Immune Pathwaymentioning

confidence: 96%

Insect-pathogen crosstalk and the cellular-molecular mechanisms of insect immunity: uncovering the underlying signaling pathways and immune regulatory function of non-coding RNAs

Mahanta,

Bhoi,

Komal

et al. 2023

Front. Immunol.

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Multicellular organisms are constantly subjected to pathogens that might be harmful. Although insects lack an adaptive immune system, they possess highly effective anti-infective mechanisms. Bacterial phagocytosis and parasite encapsulation are some forms of cellular responses. Insects often defend themselves against infections through a humoral response. This phenomenon includes the secretion of antimicrobial peptides into the hemolymph. Specific receptors for detecting infection are required for the recognition of foreign pathogens such as the proteins that recognize glucans and peptidoglycans, together referred to as PGRPs and βGRPs. Activation of these receptors leads to the stimulation of signaling pathways which further activates the genes encoding for antimicrobial peptides. Some instances of such pathways are the JAK-STAT, Imd, and Toll. The host immune response that frequently accompanies infections has, however, been circumvented by diseases, which may have assisted insects evolve their own complicated immune systems. The role of ncRNAs in insect immunology has been discussed in several notable studies and reviews. This paper examines the most recent research on the immune regulatory function of ncRNAs during insect-pathogen crosstalk, including insect- and pathogen-encoded miRNAs and lncRNAs, and provides an overview of the important insect signaling pathways and effector mechanisms activated by diverse pathogen invaders.

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Section: The Autophagy Immune Pathwaymentioning

confidence: 96%

Insect-pathogen crosstalk and the cellular-molecular mechanisms of insect immunity: uncovering the underlying signaling pathways and immune regulatory function of non-coding RNAs

Mahanta,

Bhoi,

Komal

et al. 2023

Front. Immunol.

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“…It is widely accepted, that surface TLRs such as TLR2 and TLR4 play a key role in viral recognition and is not just limited to intracellular ones, as recently summarized by Hatton et al ( Hatton and Guerra, 2022 ). Among those, RSV was the first described.…”

Section: Modulation Of Allergy-associated Tlr Responses By Environmen...mentioning

confidence: 99%

When the allergy alarm bells toll: The role of Toll-like receptors in allergic diseases and treatment

Wenger,

Grosse-Kathoefer,

Kraiem

et al. 2023

Front. Mol. Biosci.

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Toll-like receptors of the human immune system are specialized pathogen detectors able to link innate and adaptive immune responses. TLR ligands include among others bacteria-, mycoplasma- or virus-derived compounds such as lipids, lipo- and glycoproteins and nucleic acids. Not only are genetic variations in TLR-related genes associated with the pathogenesis of allergic diseases, including asthma and allergic rhinitis, their expression also differs between allergic and non-allergic individuals. Due to a complex interplay of genes, environmental factors, and allergen sources the interpretation of TLRs involved in immunoglobulin E-mediated diseases remains challenging. Therefore, it is imperative to dissect the role of TLRs in allergies. In this review, we discuss i) the expression of TLRs in organs and cell types involved in the allergic immune response, ii) their involvement in modulating allergy-associated or -protective immune responses, and iii) how differential activation of TLRs by environmental factors, such as microbial, viral or air pollutant exposure, results in allergy development. However, we focus on iv) allergen sources interacting with TLRs, and v) how targeting TLRs could be employed in novel therapeutic strategies. Understanding the contributions of TLRs to allergy development allow the identification of knowledge gaps, provide guidance for ongoing research efforts, and built the foundation for future exploitation of TLRs in vaccine design.

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“…Early innate viral recognition by host surface TLRs is important for a rapid antiviral response and for preventing infection. Although TLRs can be activated by viruses even before host cells become infected, the antiviral immune response is much more complicated where different cell types, including T cells, B cells, monocytes, NK cells, and neutrophils become involved, producing proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines for viral clearance or possibly promoting infection upon TLR engagement [63][64][65]. PAMP/MAMP-induced activation of TLR signaling suppresses the replication and spread of invading pathogens/microbes by the production of antimicrobial molecules such as type I interferon (IFN) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α [66][67][68].…”

Section: Tlr Response To Human Immunodeficiency Virus (Hiv) Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toll-like Receptor Response to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 or Co-Infection with Hepatitis B or C Virus: An Overview

Kayesh

Kohara

Tsukiyama-Kohara

2023

IJMS

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Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are evolutionarily conserved pattern recognition receptors that play important roles in the early detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns and shaping innate and adaptive immune responses, which may influence the consequences of infection. Similarly to other viral infections, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) also modulates the host TLR response; therefore, a proper understanding of the response induced by human HIV-1 or co-infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV), due to the common mode of transmission of these viruses, is essential for understanding HIV-1 pathogenesis during mono- or co-infection with HBV or HCV, as well as for HIV-1 cure strategies. In this review, we discuss the host TLR response during HIV-1 infection and the innate immune evasion mechanisms adopted by HIV-1 for infection establishment. We also examine changes in the host TLR response during HIV-1 co-infection with HBV or HCV; however, this type of study is extremely scarce. Moreover, we discuss studies investigating TLR agonists as latency-reverting agents and immune stimulators towards new strategies for curing HIV. This understanding will help develop a new strategy for curing HIV-1 mono-infection or co-infection with HBV or HCV.

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Scratching the Surface Takes a Toll: Immune Recognition of Viral Proteins by Surface Toll-like Receptors

Cited by 5 publications

References 219 publications

Insect-pathogen crosstalk and the cellular-molecular mechanisms of insect immunity: uncovering the underlying signaling pathways and immune regulatory function of non-coding RNAs

Insect-pathogen crosstalk and the cellular-molecular mechanisms of insect immunity: uncovering the underlying signaling pathways and immune regulatory function of non-coding RNAs

When the allergy alarm bells toll: The role of Toll-like receptors in allergic diseases and treatment

Toll-like Receptor Response to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 or Co-Infection with Hepatitis B or C Virus: An Overview

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