Scaling the bulk-driven MOSFET into deca-nanometer bulk CMOS processes

0.5‐V bulk‐driven CMOS operational amplifier

“…It was assumed that the outputs of the amplifier were shorted to ground for ac signals. The output current I out /2 can be expressed as (24) where…”

Floating-Gate Operational Transconductance Amplifier

“…Finally, it is necessary to be mentioned, that we face a practical problem when we design an OTA based on FG-MOSFETs, it consists in that the amount of layout area consumed by the floating gate MOSFET is a concern since C 1 and C 2 are required to be at least ten times larger than the floating gate oxide capacitance in order for the device to operate properly [1].…”

“…The desire for portability of electronic equipment generated a need for low power systems in battery-operated products, so the need of circuits that dissipate low power is arising significantly because low power consumption is essential in these applications to have reasonable battery life and weight, thus the main interest is to minimize power consumption of the circuits. Anyhow, average power, P avg , consumed by these circuits consists of the sum of two components, static and dynamic power [1]:…”

“…to reduce power supply voltage, V DD . Thus, as of yet, no effort has been undertaken to achieve this aim, many design techniques for low-voltage low-power analog circuits are used by designers, for instance, the level shifter techniques [1], [2], bulk-driven transistors [1]- [3], MOSFETs operating in the sub-threshold (weak inversion, cut-off) region [1], [2], [6], self-cascade structures [2], [3], and floating-gate approach [1]- [5], [7]. This paper is aiming to concentrate on the last item, floating-gate MOSFETs.…”

0.5‐V bulk‐driven OTA and its applications

“…Constant progress in CMOS technology causes another problem for analog designers. Since the feature size of MOS devices is constantly decreasing, their intrinsic voltage gains are decreasing as well . Simultaneously, low supply voltage and relatively large threshold voltages preclude conventional gain enhancing techniques like cascoding.…”