Scaffold‐Mediated 2D Cellular Orientations for Construction of Three Dimensionally Engineered Tissues Composed of Oriented Cells and Extracellular Matrices

Abstract

Various hydrogels, such as poly(γ‐glutamic acid) (γ‐PGA), gelatin (GT), alginic acid (Alg), and agarose (Aga), with 3D interconnected and oriented fibrous pores (OP gels) are prepared for 3D polymeric cellular scaffolds by using silica fiber cloth (SC) as template. After the preparation of these hydrogels with the SC templates, the latter are subsequently removed by washing with hydrofluoric acid solution. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) clearly shows OP structures in the hydrogels. These various types of OP gels are successfully prepared in this way, independently of the crosslinking mechanism, such as chemical (γ‐PGA or GT), coordinate‐bonded (Alg), or hydrogen‐bonded (Aga) crosslinks. SEM, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and histological evaluations clearly demonstrate that mouse L929 fibroblast cells adhere to and extend along these OP structures on/in γ‐PGA hydrogels during 3D cell culture. The L929 cells that adhere on/in the oriented hydrogel are viable and proliferative. Furthermore, 3D engineered tissues, composed of the oriented cells and extracellular matrices (ECM) produced by the cells, are constructed in vitro by subsequent decomposition of the hydrogel with cysteine after 14 days of cell culture. This novel technology to fabricate 3D‐engineered tissues, consisting of oriented cells and ECM, will be useful for tissue engineering.

Rapid Construction of Three‐Dimensional Multilayered Tissues with Endothelial Tube Networks by the Cell‐Accumulation Technique

“…[1][2][3] In particular, the fabrication of vascularized thick and complex tissues is a key challenge for transplantable constructs or angiogenesis models. [ 4 ] Although various functional scaffolds possessing specifi c cell-adhesive and degradability-controllable properties have achieved notable advances in tissue regeneration, [5][6][7][8] three-dimensional (3D) tissue models which precisely control the cell type, cell alignment, and cell-cell interactions in all three dimensions have not been developed yet. A conventional approach using biodegradable scaffolds has several limitations in developing 3D tissue constructs which satisfy the above requirements.…”

Engineered Nanotechnology: An Effective Therapeutic Platform for the Chronic Cutaneous Wound

“…Meanwhile, iron oxide in hydroxyapatite is reported to improve osteoblast proliferation [ 217 ]. Taking advantage of these materials, biopolymer-stacked magnetite NPs offer the effective construction of engineered 3D tissues via scaffold arrangements of cells and ECM [ 218 ]. The development of bio nanocomposites, such as bacterial cellulose–magnetite NPs, acts as smart nanocomposites for healing chronic wounds.…”

Chitosan/Poly(γ-glutamic acid) Polyelectrolyte Complexes: From Self- Assembly to Application in Biomolecules Delivery and Regenerative Medicine

“…In the case of γ-PGA, its potential for biomedical applications has been less explored than for Ch [29,30,133,134] . Still, γ-PGA has been processed in the form of 2D films [135,136] , or PEM films [71,131,137] ; small-scaled particles like nanoparticles [128,[138][139][140][141][142] , microparticles [143,144] or PEM nanocapsules [129] ; and 3D porous structures such as sponges [7,8,11,12,145,146] , fiber meshes [147][148][149][150][151] , or gels [152][153][154][155][156][157][158] , particularly in combination with other molecules. γ-PGA can be chemically degraded by prolonged exposure to an extreme pH value at high temperatures, physically by ultrasonic irradiation, or enzymatically [29] .…”