SARS-CoV2 Infection and the Importance of Potassium Balance

Causton, Helen C.

doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.744697

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…Potassium (K + ) efflux triggers the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome upon infection by RNA viruses [ 303 ], including SARS-CoV-2 [ 362 , 363 ], where elevated urinary loss of potassium is often associated with COVID-19 disease severity [ 364 ]. Experimental work showed the SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a viroporin priming and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome were dependent upon K + efflux [ 365 ].…”

Section: Melatonin Protects Mitochondria and Atp Production To Inhibi...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Melatonin: Regulation of Viral Phase Separation and Epitranscriptomics in Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19

Loh¹,

Reíter

2022

IJMS

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The relentless, protracted evolution of the SARS-CoV-2 virus imposes tremendous pressure on herd immunity and demands versatile adaptations by the human host genome to counter transcriptomic and epitranscriptomic alterations associated with a wide range of short- and long-term manifestations during acute infection and post-acute recovery, respectively. To promote viral replication during active infection and viral persistence, the SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein regulates host cell microenvironment including pH and ion concentrations to maintain a high oxidative environment that supports template switching, causing extensive mitochondrial damage and activation of pro-inflammatory cytokine signaling cascades. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial distress induce dynamic changes to both the host and viral RNA m6A methylome, and can trigger the derepression of long interspersed nuclear element 1 (LINE1), resulting in global hypomethylation, epigenetic changes, and genomic instability. The timely application of melatonin during early infection enhances host innate antiviral immune responses by preventing the formation of “viral factories” by nucleocapsid liquid-liquid phase separation that effectively blockades viral genome transcription and packaging, the disassembly of stress granules, and the sequestration of DEAD-box RNA helicases, including DDX3X, vital to immune signaling. Melatonin prevents membrane depolarization and protects cristae morphology to suppress glycolysis via antioxidant-dependent and -independent mechanisms. By restraining the derepression of LINE1 via multifaceted strategies, and maintaining the balance in m6A RNA modifications, melatonin could be the quintessential ancient molecule that significantly influences the outcome of the constant struggle between virus and host to gain transcriptomic and epitranscriptomic dominance over the host genome during acute infection and PASC.

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Section: Melatonin Protects Mitochondria and Atp Production To Inhibi...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Melatonin: Regulation of Viral Phase Separation and Epitranscriptomics in Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19

Loh¹,

Reíter

2022

IJMS

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“…The expected contributing factor was vitamin D [ 60 ]. It is also suggested that potassium balance surprisingly influences COVID-19 severity [ 61 ]. These factors are likely not influenced by the ongoing climate changes though add complexity to the analysis and modeling.…”

Section: Amplification Of Biological and Social Factors Promoting Pot...mentioning

confidence: 99%

System analysis of the fast global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) spread. Can we avoid future pandemics under global climate change?

Volkov

2022

Communicative & Integrative Biology

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The recent fast global spread of COVID-19 caused by a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) questions why and how the disease managed to be so effective against existing health protection measures. These measures, developed by many countries over centuries and strengthened over the last decades, proved to be ineffective against COVID-19. The sharp increase in human longevity and current transport systems in economically developing countries with the background of persisting cultural frameworks and stable local pools of high bacterial and viral mutations generated the wide gap between the established health protection systems and the new emerging diseases. SARS-CoV-2 targets human populations over the world with long incubation periods, often without symptoms, and serious outcomes. Hence, novel strategies are necessary to meet the demands of developing economic and social environments. Moreover, the ongoing climate change adds extra challenges while altering the existing system of interactions in biological populations and in human society. Climate change may lead to new sources of viral and microbial mutations, new ways of zoonotic disease transmission and to huge social and economic transformations in many countries. The present short Opinion applies a system approach linking biomedical, climate change, social and economic aspects and, accordingly, discusses the measures and more efficient means to avoid future pandemics.

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“…Previous research on COVID-19 patients indicated that hypokalemia is a frequent finding in these patients, and it may increase the risk of developing fatal arrhythmias [ 20 , 21 ]. Hypokalemia in SARS-CoV-2 infection may occur due to hyperactivation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, GI loss, lack of appetite because of concurrent illness, and damage of the tubules due to ischemia or nephrotoxic agents [ 22 ]. Moreover, hypokalemia can aggravate acute respiratory distress syndrome and affect myocardial function [ 23 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrolyte Imbalance Among Bangladeshi Patients With COVID-19

Moutushi¹,

Akter²,

Haq³

et al. 2023

Cureus

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Introduction Infection with SARS-CoV-2 begins in the lower respiratory tract, but COVID-19 often involves the renal system, resulting in serum electrolyte imbalance. Monitoring serum electrolyte levels and parameters of liver and kidney function is essential to understand disease prognosis. Objectives This study aimed to determine the effect of imbalances in serum electrolytes and other parameters on COVID-19 severity. Material and method This retrospective study comprised 241 patients, ages 14 years and older, including 186 patients who were moderately affected and 55 who were categorized as severely affected by COVID-19. Serum electrolytes (sodium (Na + ), potassium (K + ), and chloride (Cl − )) and biomarkers of kidney and liver function (creatinine and alanine aminotransferase (ALT)) were measured and correlated with disease severity. This research was conducted among admitted patients of Holy Family Red Crescent Medical College Hospital designated into two groups based on retrospective hospital records. Individuals with moderate illness had evidence of lower respiratory tract infection (cough, cold, breathless, etc.) during clinical assessment or imaging (chest X-ray and computed tomography (CT) scan of the lungs) and have an oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry (SpO 2 ) ≥ 94% on room air at sea level. The severely ill group involved individuals with SpO 2 ≤94% on room air at sea level and respiratory rate ≥ 30 breaths/minute, and critically ill patients are those who needed mechanical ventilation or required intensive care unit (ICU) care. This categorization was based on the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Treatment Guidelines ( https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov/about-the-guidelines/whats-new /). Results Average Na + and creatinine increased by 2.30 parts (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.20, 4.81, P = 0.041) and 0.35 units (95% CI = 0.03, 0.68, P = 0.043) in severe cases compared with moderate cases. Older participants had relatively Na + lowered to -0.06 parts (95% CI = -0.12, -0.001, P = 0.045), significant Cl − reduction by 0.09 units (95% CI = -0.14, -0.04, P = 0.001), and ALT by 0.47 units (95% CI = -0.88, -0.06, P = 0.024), whereas serum creatinine was increased by 0.01 parts (95% CI = 0.001, 0.02, P = 0.024). The creatinine and ALT of COVID-19 participants were significantly higher in males by 0.34 units and 23.2 units, respectively, compared with females. In severe COVID-19 cases compared with moderate cases, the risks of hypernatremia, elevated chloride levels, and elevated serum creatinine levels were increased by 2.83-fold (95% CI = 1.26, 6.36, P = 0.012), 5.37-fold (95% CI = 1.90, 15.3, P = 0.002), and 2.00-fold (95% CI = 1.08, 4.31, P = 0.039), respectively. Conclusion S...

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SARS-CoV2 Infection and the Importance of Potassium Balance

Cited by 8 publications

References 70 publications

Melatonin: Regulation of Viral Phase Separation and Epitranscriptomics in Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19

Melatonin: Regulation of Viral Phase Separation and Epitranscriptomics in Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19

System analysis of the fast global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) spread. Can we avoid future pandemics under global climate change?

Electrolyte Imbalance Among Bangladeshi Patients With COVID-19

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