SAP controls the cytolytic activity of CD8+ T cells against EBV-infected cells

Abstract

IntroductionX-linked lymphoproliferative (XLP) disease is a severe immunodeficiency characterized by variable clinical phenotypes, including fatal infectious mononucleosis, malignant B-cell lymphoma, and progressive dysgammaglobulinemia. 1 The gene responsible for XLP (SH2D1A) encodes for SAP (SLAM [signaling lymphocyteactivation molecule]-associated protein), or SH2D1A, a natural killer (NK) and T-cell-specific signaling adaptor protein. [2][3][4] Mutations in the SH2D1A gene have been detected in patients with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) 5 and common variable immunodeficiency syndrome, 6,7 thereby expanding the range of clinical phenotypes associated with this genetic defect. These heterogeneous clinical manifestations might be related to viral infections, which appear to act as secondary factors triggering the severe forms of SAP-deficiency syndrome. In the absence of SAP, dysregulation of T/B-cell interactions and NK-cell functions has been proposed to result in a variable ability to control Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, leading to either fatal infectious mononucleosis, or infectious mononucleosis with progression toward malignant B-cell lymphoma or acquired agammaglobulinemia. 8 However, in some patients with XLP, these manifestations can also occur in the absence of EBV infection. 9 SAP is a protein of 128 residues with a single Src homology 2 (SH2) domain binding to a consensus T.I/V.(p)Y.x.x.V/I motif on the cytoplasmic tail of surface molecules of the SLAM family, including SLAM, 2B4, CD84, Ly-9, and NTB-A. 2,10-13 These molecules form homotypic and heterotypic receptor-ligand pairs during T cell/antigen-presenting cell or NK cell/target cell contacts. SLAM is expressed on activated and memory T cells, in which it can skew cytokine production toward a T helper 1 (Th1) profile 14 and can act as a costimulatory molecule for cytotoxic activity. 15 SAP appears to be a natural inhibitor of the interaction of SLAM-family members with SH2-containing signal molecules such as the SH2-containing phosphatase 2 (SHP-2) phosphatase. 2 In T cells, SAP recruits FynT, which is required for SLAM phosphorylation. Activation of the SLAM/SAP pathway controls the phosphorylation of dok1, dok2, and SH2-containing inositol phosphatase, thereby playing a potential role in the control of interferon-␥ (IFN-␥) production. 16,17 Furthermore, SAP appears to participate in the adhesion of T cells to target cells, as well as in T-cell receptor (TCR)-mediated activation. 18,19 In SAP-deficient murine models, 20,21 infection with lymphocytic-chorio-meningitis virus is associated with higher mortality related to increased T-cell activation and IFN-␥ production, as well as to a reduction in the production of interleukin 4 (IL-4) and the generation of immunoglobulin-secreting cells. However, in this model, T-and NK-cell cytotoxic activities have not been investigated.A number of studies in patients with XLP indicate that 2B4 stimulation on NK cells induces an abnormal dominant abrogation of NK-cell lytic activity. This ...

2B4-SAP signaling is required for the priming of naive CD8+ T cells by antigen-expressing B cells and B lymphoma cells

“…24,27,28 However, our findings suggest that the loss of SAP also undermines the priming of naive CD8 C T cells by B cell APCs and thus, limits the repertoire of T cells specific for infected B cells generated upon EBV infection. In addition, an elegant study showed that SAP is important for the generation or homeostasis of EBV-specific memory CD8…”

“…[24][25][26][27][28] Although multiple immune defects have been attributed to SAP deficiency, [5][6][7] it remains unclear how SAP facilitates control of EBV infection and whether dysfunction of one or more immune cell types underlies the vulnerability of XLP patients to EBV and B cell malignancies.…”

Structure of CD84 provides insight into SLAM family function

“…In particular, defects in SAP are associated with inherited X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome, which is characterized by a dysregulated immune response to infection by Epstein-Barr virus, B cell lymphomas, and dysgammaglobulinemia (4). Notably, blockade of 2B4 in wildtype cytotoxic T lymphocytes results in defects analogous to those observed in SAP-deficient cytotoxic T lymphocytes (6). Furthermore, CD150-, NTB-A-, and Ly-9-deficient mice also show similar T cell defects (7)(8)(9).…”

Modulation of 2B4 (CD244) activity and regulated SAP expression in human NK cells

“…Conflicting data exist on the regulation of SAP in human T cells. While two reports describe an upregulation of SAP [20,21], one report finds a downregulation of SAP after T cell activation [22]. IL-2 stimulation of mouse NK cells was reported to result in an increased SAP expression [17].…”