Salt on the move: Multi stage evolution of salt diapirs in the Netherlands North Sea

Harding, Rachel; Huuse, Mads

doi:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2014.12.003

Cited by 75 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…In the Silver Pit Basin, salt‐cored anticlines in the basin centre developed contemporaneously with reactive diapirs and salt rollers at the basin edges, that is, along the Dowsing fault zone and the North Dogger fault zone (Figure c; Allen et al., ; Coward & Stewart, ; Griffiths et al., ; Stewart, Harvey, Otto, & Weston, ; Stewart, ). Indications for sub‐salt faulting and reactive diapirism can be found in the northern Central Graben and the adjacent Step Graben (Arfai et al., ; Duffy et al., ; Rank‐Friend & Elders, ; Van Winden, ) as well as in the Broad Fourteens Basin (Duin, Doornenbal, Rijkers, Verbeek, & Wong, ; Wong, Batjes, de Jager, & van Wetenschappen, ), the Terschelling Basin (Harding & Huuse, ) and the Lauwerszee Trough (Strozyk et al., ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Increased rates of salt structure growth in the centre of the Silver Pit Basin and on the Cleaverbank Platform coincided with uplift and tilting of the eastern continental margin of the UK (Coward & Stewart, ). Salt pillows and diapirs in the Terschelling Basin, in the western Ems Trough and at the flanks of the Rheinsberg Trough achieved the phase of fastest growth (Baldschuhn et al., ; Harding & Huuse, ; Scheck et al., ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The timing of salt structure growth in the Southern Permian Basin (Central Europe) and implications for basin dynamics

et al. 2018

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In this paper, a literature‐based compilation of the timing and history of salt tectonics in the Southern Permian Basin (Central Europe) is presented. The tectono‐stratigraphic evolution of the Southern Permian Basin is influenced by salt movement and the structural development of various types of salt structures. The compilation presented here was used to characterize the following syndepositional growth stages of the salt structures: (a) “phase of initiation”; (b) phase of fastest growth (“main activity”); and (c) phase of burial’. We have also mapped the spatial pattern of potential mechanisms that triggered the initiation of salt structures over the area studied and summarized them for distinct regions (sub‐basins, platforms, etc.). The data base compiled and the set of maps produced from it provide a detailed overview of the spatial and temporal distribution of salt tectonic activity enabling the correlation of tectonic phases between specific regions of the entire Southern Permian Basin. Accordingly, salt movements were initiated in deeply subsided graben structures and fault zones during the Early and Middle Triassic. In these areas, salt structures reached their phase of main activity already during the Late Triassic or the Jurassic and were mostly buried during the Early Cretaceous. Salt structures in less subsided sub‐basins and platform regions of the Southern Permian Basin mostly started to grow during the Late Triassic. The subsequent phase of main activity of these salt structures took place from the Late Cretaceous to the Cenozoic. The analysis of the trigger mechanisms revealed that most salt structures were initiated by large‐offset normal faults in the sub‐salt basement in the large graben structures and minor normal faulting associated with thin‐skinned extension in the less subsided basin parts.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The timing of salt structure growth in the Southern Permian Basin (Central Europe) and implications for basin dynamics

et al. 2018

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“…The high stability of K‐feldspar relative to albite during deep burial could be caused by potassium from in situ dissolution of K‐rich volcanic rock fragments and/or supplied from external sources via faults down to the underlying Zechstein deposits, as fractures typically occur in sedimentary units overlying salt pillows (Fig. B; Fossen, ; Harding & Huuse, ). An excessive potassium supply could also explain the relatively low temperatures (47 to 68 and >74°C) in the Skagerrak Formation where detrital smectite is gradually transformed, first to randomly and second to orientated mixed‐layer smectite/illite, respectively (Weibel, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of climate on early and burial diagenesis of Triassic and Jurassic sandstones from the Norwegian–Danish Basin

Weibel

Olivarius

Kjøller

et al. 2017

The Depositional Record

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Climate changes preserved in sandstones are documented by comparing the sediment composition and early diagenetic changes in sandstones deposited during arid to semi-arid conditions, the Skagerrak Formation, with sandstones of the Gassum Formation deposited in a humid well-vegetated environment. The study area covers the easternmost part of the Norwegian-Danish Basin, for which the Fennoscandian Shield functioned as sediment source area. The depositional environments of the formations, their distribution and burial depths are well-constrained, facilitating a comprehensive petrographical and geochemical study complemented by porosity and permeability measurements of cores widely distributed in the basin (1700 to 5900 m burial depth). The Skagerrak Formation had an immature composition with more abundant feldspar, rock fragments and a larger variability in the heavy mineral assemblage when compared to the Gassum Formation, which was characterized by quartz and more stable heavy minerals. The arid to semi-arid climate led to early oxidizing conditions under which abundant iron-oxide/hydroxide coatings formed, while the evaporative processes occasionally resulted in caliche and gypsum precipitation. Under the humid climate, kaolinite precipitated due to leaching of feldspar and mica, and the abundant organic matter caused reducing conditions, which led to other Fe-rich phases, i.e. pyrite, Fe-chlorite and siderite. The inherited early diagenetic pore fluids and mineral assemblage also affect the mineral changes occurring during deeper burial, so dolomite preferentially formed in the sandstones deposited in an arid environment, while ankerite characterizes sandstones deposited under humid conditions. In addition to climate-induced burial diagenetic changes, there are also temperature-dependent phases, such as illite and quartz cement. Despite the same sediment source area remaining active during the entire period, the sediments that reached the Norwegian-Danish Basin were immature during the arid interval, although mature during the humid period. This has implications for provenance investigations as well as diagenetic investigations of sandstone reservoir quality.

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“…In addition, salt movements initiated large radial fault systems that remained active throughout Mesozoic and Cenozoic times (e.g. Harding & Huuse, 2015).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Palaeocene inversion movements likely resulted from intra-plate compressional stresses related to the Alpine collision and possibly ridge-push forces (Vejbaek & Andersen, 2002) and could have reactivated fault systems present underneath the chalk rock. Rapid sediment loading, differential compaction of the Mesozoic sediments and halokinesis continued to play an important role for fault reactivation during the Cenozoic, and glacial loading and unloading during the Quaternary may have impacted the stability of the salt structures and associated fault systems (Harding & Huuse, 2015;Rasmussen, 2013).…”

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confidence: 99%

Seismic geomorphology and origin of diagenetic geobodies in the Upper Cretaceous Chalk of the North Sea Basin (Danish Central Graben)

et al. 2018

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Kilometre-scale geobodies of diagenetic origin have been documented for the first time in a high-resolution 3D seismic survey of the Upper Cretaceous chalks of the Danish Central Graben, North Sea Basin. Based on detailed geochemical, petrographic and petrophysical analyses, it is demonstrated that the geobodies are of an open-system diagenetic origin caused by ascending basin fluids guided by faults and stratigraphic heterogeneities. Increased amounts of porosity-occluding cementation, contact cement and/or high-density/high-velocity minerals caused an impedance contrast that can be mapped in seismic data, and represent a hitherto unrecognized, third type of heterogeneity in the chalk deposits in addition to the well-known sedimentological and structural features. The distribution of the diagenetic geobodies is controlled by porosity/permeability contrasts of stratigraphic origin, such as hardgrounds associated with formation tops, and the feeder fault systems. One of these, the Top Campanian Unconformity at the top of the Gorm Formation, is particularly effective and created a basin-wide barrier separating low-porosity chalk below from high-porosity chalk above (a Regional Porosity Marker, RPM). It is in particular in this upper high-porosity unit (Tor and EkofiskFormations) that the diagenetic geobodies occur, delineated by "Stratigraphy Cross-cutting Reflectors" (SCRs) of which eight different types have been distinguished. The geobodies have been interpreted as the result of: (i) escaping pore fluids due to top seal failure, followed by local mechanical compaction of highporous chalks, paired with (ii) ascension of basinal diagenetic fluids along fault systems that locally triggered cementation of calcite and dolomite within the chalk, causing increased contact cements and/or reducing porosity. The migration pathway of the fluids is marked by the SCRs, which are the outlines of highdensity bodies of chalk nested in highly porous chalks. This study, thus, provides new insights into the 3D relationship between fault systems, fluid migration and diagenesis in chalks and has important applications for basin modelling and reservoir characterization.---

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Salt on the move: Multi stage evolution of salt diapirs in the Netherlands North Sea

Cited by 75 publications

References 38 publications

The timing of salt structure growth in the Southern Permian Basin (Central Europe) and implications for basin dynamics

The timing of salt structure growth in the Southern Permian Basin (Central Europe) and implications for basin dynamics

The influence of climate on early and burial diagenesis of Triassic and Jurassic sandstones from the Norwegian–Danish Basin

Seismic geomorphology and origin of diagenetic geobodies in the Upper Cretaceous Chalk of the North Sea Basin (Danish Central Graben)

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