Salmon Pancreas Disease Virus, an Alphavirus Infecting Farmed Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar L.

Weston, Jonathan; Welsh, Michael; McLoughlin, M F; Todd, D.

doi:10.1006/viro.1999.9654

Cited by 117 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Representative vertebrate and insect cell lines [Vero (African green monkey), BHK-21 (baby hamster kidney), HEK-293 (human embryonic kidney), NIH 3T3 (mouse fibroblast), duck embryo fibroblast (DEF), A6 (Xenopus laevis), Aedes albopictus (C6/36 and C7/10), Culex tarsalis, and Phlebotomus papatasi (PP-9)] were used to determine the in vitro host range of EILV. SINV, which has a broad in vitro host range, was used as a positive control (12)(13)(14). EILV and SINV infected C. tarsalis, P. papatasi, C6/36, and C7/10 cells (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consequently, alphaviruses can be cultured in many vertebrate and insect cell lines (11)(12)(13). In contrast, the distantly related fish alphaviruses, which are not known to have arthropod vectors, exhibit a narrow host range (fish cells only) that is at least partially a result of temperature sensitivity (14)(15)(16). However, the viral factor(s) that underlie the varying host range of alphaviruses are poorly understood.…”

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Eilat virus, a unique alphavirus with host range restricted to insects by RNA replication

Nasar

Palacios

Gorchakov

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

168

189

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Most alphaviruses and many other arboviruses are mosquito-borne and exhibit a broad host range, infecting many different vertebrates including birds, rodents, equids, humans, and nonhuman primates. Consequently, they can be propagated in most vertebrate and insect cell cultures. This ability of arboviruses to infect arthropods and vertebrates is usually essential for their maintenance in nature. However, several flaviviruses have recently been described that infect mosquitoes but not vertebrates, although the mechanism of their host restriction has not been determined. Here we describe a unique alphavirus, Eilat virus (EILV), isolated from a pool of Anopheles coustani mosquitoes from the Negev desert of Israel. Phylogenetic analyses placed EILV as a sister to the Western equine encephalitis antigenic complex within the main clade of mosquito-borne alphaviruses. Electron microscopy revealed that, like other alphaviruses, EILV virions were spherical, 70 nm in diameter, and budded from the plasma membrane of mosquito cells in culture. EILV readily infected a variety of insect cells with little overt cytopathic effect. However, in contrast to typical mosquito-borne alphaviruses, EILV could not infect mammalian or avian cell lines, and viral as well as RNA replication could not be detected at 37°C or 28°C. Evolutionarily, these findings suggest that EILV lost its ability to infect vertebrate cells. Thus, EILV seems to be mosquito-specific and represents a previously undescribed complex within the genus Alphavirus. Reverse genetic studies of EILV may facilitate the discovery of determinants of alphavirus host range that mediate disease emergence.evolution | Togavirus

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Eilat virus, a unique alphavirus with host range restricted to insects by RNA replication

Nasar

Palacios

Gorchakov

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

168

189

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Dis Aquat Org 72: [125][126][127][128][129][130][131][132][133] 2006 (SPDV), the aetiological agent of PD, was isolated in 1993 (Nelson et al 1995) and was subsequently classified as a salmonid alphavirus (SAV) (Weston et al 1999(Weston et al , 2002.…”

Section: Resale or Republication Not Permitted Without Written Consenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virological, serological and histopathological evaluation of fish strain susceptibility to experimental infection with salmonid alphavirus

McLoughlin¹,

Graham²,

Norris³

et al. 2006

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Pancreas disease (PD) of farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L., which is caused by an alphavirus known as salmon pancreas disease virus (SPDV), can have serious economic consequences. An epidemiological survey carried out in Ireland in 2003 indicated that within individual farms there were significant differences in the susceptibility of different strains of farmed Atlantic salmon to infection with SPDV, as measured by levels of clinical disease and mortality. The aim of this preliminary study was to investigate this field observation by comparing lesion development, viraemia and serological responses of 3 commercial strains of Atlantic salmon (A, B and C) experimentally infected with SPDV. Highly significant differences in the severity of lesions in the pancreas at Day 21 post-infection (pi) were detected (p < 0.01), with Group B being more severely affected. There were also significant differences in the prevalence and severity of lesions in heart and skeletal muscle at Day 21 and 35 pi respectively, with Group B results again significantly higher than those from both Groups A and C (p < 0.05). There was no overlap between viraemia and the presence of specific SPDV antibody. Some fish in all groups had no viraemia, lesions or evidence of seroconversion. There were no significant differences seen between the challenged groups in relation to the percentage of viraemic fish at each time point. Viral loads were not determined. Differences between the number of antibody-positive fish in each challenge group were found at Days 28 and 35 pi (p < 0.1). Highly significant differences (p < 0.01) in the geometric mean titres of seropositive fish were detected at Day 28. These results, obtained using a challenge model, confirm that there are strain differences in the susceptibility to experimental SPDV infection in commercial farmed Atlantic salmon. KEY WORDS: Salmon Pancreas Disease Virus · SPDV · Atlantic salmon · Disease susceptibility · Experimental challenge Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 72: [125][126][127][128][129][130][131][132][133] 2006 (SPDV), the aetiological agent of PD, was isolated in 1993 (Nelson et al. 1995) and was subsequently classified as a salmonid alphavirus (SAV) (Weston et al. 1999(Weston et al. , 2002.National surveys in Ireland from 1989 to 1994 indicated that mortality owing to PD could be up to 48%, with 94% of Irish marine sites affected, and that PD was the major cause of disease losses at that time (Menzies et al. 1996). From 1996 to 2001 there appeared to be a lower incidence and severity of PD in Ireland (McLoughlin et al. 1998). However, in 2002 there was an increase in both the severity and incidence of PD recorded in Ireland ).An epidemiological survey undertaken in 2003 revealed that 13 of 21 sites (61%) had experienced PD, with mortality reaching 40% in some cages . There have also been reports from Scotland and Norway that PD has re-emerged as a significant problem in specific regions of both countries, resu...

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“…Acute and chronic pancreatic lesions in exocrine pancreatic tissue may also be present in diseased fish (McLoughlin et al, 2002). The virus responsible for pancreas disease in Ireland and Scotland have been isolated and identified as an alphavirus, and the name salmon pancreas disease virus (SPDV) was suggested (Nelson et al, 1995; 2000; Weston et al, 1999). Because pancreas disease affected fish from Norway show similar clinical symptoms and gross pathology, it has been of the common opinion that pancreas disease in the British Isles and Norway is caused by the same virus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensitive and specific detection of Salmonid alphavirus using real-time PCR (TaqMan®)

Hodneland

Endresen

2006

Journal of Virological Methods

134

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Pancreas disease is responsible for major economic losses in the European salmonid farming industry. It was previously believed that a single subtype (salmon pancreas disease virus) of the virus species Salmonid alphavirus (SAV) was responsible for all outbreaks of pancreas disease in the UK and Norway. However, the recent discovery that pancreas disease in Norway is caused by a new and distinct subtype of salmonid alphavirus, exclusively found in Norway, has advocated the need for better diagnostic tools. In the present paper, three real-time PCR assays for all known subtypes of salmonid alphavirus have been developed; the Q nsP1 assay is a broad-spectrum one that detects RNA from all subtypes, the Q SPDV assay specifically detects the salmon pancreas disease virus subtype, and the Q NSAV assay only detects the new Norwegian salmonid alphavirus subtype.The results demonstrated the assays to be highly sensitive and specific, detecting <0.1 TCID 50 of virus stocks. Regression analysis and standard curves calculated from the C t -values from 10-fold serial dilutions of virus stocks showed that the assays were highly reproducible over a wide range of RNA input. Thirty-nine field samples were tested in triplicate and compared with traditional RT-PCR. Overall, the real-time assays detected 35 positive compared to 29 positives in standard RT-PCR, and were thus shown to be more sensitive for detecting salmonid alphaviruses in field samples.

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Salmon Pancreas Disease Virus, an Alphavirus Infecting Farmed Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar L.

Cited by 117 publications

References 24 publications

Eilat virus, a unique alphavirus with host range restricted to insects by RNA replication

Eilat virus, a unique alphavirus with host range restricted to insects by RNA replication

Virological, serological and histopathological evaluation of fish strain susceptibility to experimental infection with salmonid alphavirus

Sensitive and specific detection of Salmonid alphavirus using real-time PCR (TaqMan®)

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