SALL4: An emerging cancer biomarker and target

Zhang, Xu; Yuan, Xiuhua; Zhu, Wei; Qian, Hui; Xu, Wenrong

doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2014.11.037

Cited by 89 publications

(102 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…The relatively moderate expression of SALL4 as detected by IHC staining may be explained by the fact that only MDLSCC was analyzed in this study. High SALL4 expression levels have been correlated with poor overall survival of patients with aggressive tumors such as hepatocellular, endometrial cancer, gastric, and esophageal cancer (28). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…OCT4 is a POU domain transcription factor that works synergistically with SOX2 to regulate ESC pluripotency (27). SALL4 is an ESC marker that plays a role in multiple cancer types by regulating proliferation, apoptosis, chemoresistance, and maintenance of CSCs (23, 28), as well as modulating expression of pSTAT3, which is required for tumor formation, growth, and suppression of apoptosis (29). NANOG is a transcription factor that plays an essential role in maintaining stemness of ESC and controls cell proliferation, migration, and invasion (27, 30).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Identification of Three Cancer Stem Cell Subpopulations within Moderately Differentiated Lip Squamous Cell Carcinoma

et al. 2017

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AimTo identify and characterize cancer stem cells (CSCs) in moderately differentiated lip squamous cell carcinoma (MDLSCC).MethodMDLSCC samples underwent 3,3-diaminobenzidine (DAB) immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for squamous cell carcinoma marker EMA, CSC marker CD44 and embryonic stem cell markers NANOG, octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4), spalt-like transcription factor 4 (SALL4), sex-determining region Y-box 2 (SOX2), and phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (pSTAT3). Immunofluorescent IHC staining was performed on two MDLSCC samples. Western blotting (WB) was used to confirm the expression of the aforementioned proteins and their transcription activation was investigated using NanoString and RT-qPCR.ResultsIHC staining demonstrated the presence of (1) an EMA+/CD44+/SALL4+/NANOG+/pSTAT3+/SOX2+/OCT4− CSC subpopulation within the tumor nests (TNs); (2) a CD44+/SALL4+/NANOG+/pSTAT3+/SOX2+/OCT4− CSC subpopulation; and (3) a CD44+/SALL4+/NANOG+/pSTAT3+/SOX2+/OCT4+ CSC subpopulation within the stroma, between the TNs. NanoString and RT-qPCR confirmed the presence of mRNA for CD44, SALL4, STAT3, SOX2, and OCT4, and WB confirmed the presence of NANOG, pSTAT3, SOX2, and OCT4.ConclusionThis study demonstrates three putative CSC subpopulations within MDLSCC.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Identification of Three Cancer Stem Cell Subpopulations within Moderately Differentiated Lip Squamous Cell Carcinoma

et al. 2017

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“…Analyses of its expression and epigenetic status have shown that SALL4 is de-regulated and aberrantly expressed in various cancers (Review in 64 ) such as leukemia 65 , germ cell tumors 6667 , hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) 2468 , gastric cancer 20,69–73 , colorectal carcinoma 74–76 , esophageal squamous cell carcinoma 77,78 , breast cancer 79–81 , endometrial cancer 82,83 , lung cancer 84–86 and glioma 87 . Functionally, SALL4 is important for the survival 38,80,82,88–93 , drug resistance 82,94 and metastasis 69,82 of many of these cancer cells (Figure 4).…”

Section: Sall4 In Cancersmentioning

confidence: 99%

SALL4, the missing link between stem cells, development and cancer

Tatetsu

Kong

Gao

et al. 2016

Gene

109

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There is a growing body of evidence supporting that cancer cells share many similarities with embryonic stem cells (ESCs). For example, aggressive cancers and ESCs share a common gene expression signature that includes hundreds of genes. Since ESC genes are not present in most adult tissues, they could be ideal candidate targets for cancer-specific diagnosis and treatment. This is an exciting cancer-targeting model. The major hurdle to test this model is to identify the key factors/pathway(s) within ESCs that are responsible for the cancer phenotype. SALL4 is one of few genes that can establish this link. The first publication of SALL4 is on its mutation in a human inherited disorder with multiple developmental defects. Since then, over 300 papers have been published on various aspects of this gene in stem cells, development, and cancers. This review aims to summarize our current knowledge of SALL4, including a SALL4-based approach to classify and target cancers. Many questions about this important gene still remain unanswered, specifically, on how this gene regulates cell fates at a molecular level. Understanding SALL4’s molecular functions will allow development of specific targeted approaches in the future.

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“…Moreover, SALL4 was found to be mainly expressed in fetal livers, and was identified as an important biomarker for several common human cancers [22, 23]. Upregulation of SALL4 is found in HCC, breast cancer and endometrial cancer, predicting a poor prognosis [24–26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MicroRNA-98 acts as a tumor suppressor in hepatocellular carcinoma via targeting SALL4

et al. 2016

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MicroRNAs (miRs) are involved in the development and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but the regulatory mechanism of miR-98 in HCC still remains unclear. Here we found that miR-98 was significantly downregulated in HCC tissues compared to matched adjacent normal tissues (ANTs). Low miR-98 expression was associated with tumor size, metastasis, portal vein tumor embolus, and poor overall survival. Ectopic expression of miR-98 decreased the proliferation, migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of HCC cells. SALL4 was identified as a novel target of miR-98, and the protein expression of SALL4 was inhibited by miR-98 in HCC cells. Overexpression of SALL4 reversed the suppressive effects of miR-98 on the malignant phenotypes of HCC cells. Besides, SALL4, upregulated in HCC tissues compared to the matched ANTs, was inversely correlated to the miR-98 levels in HCC tissues. In addition, overexpression of miR-98 markedly suppressed the tumor growth as well as tumor-induced death in nude mice. In summary, miR-98 plays a suppressive role in the proliferation, migration, invasion and EMT of HCC cells, partly at least, via directly inhibition of SALL4. Therefore, the miR-98/SALL4 axis may become a promising therapeutic target for HCC.

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SALL4: An emerging cancer biomarker and target

Cited by 89 publications

References 66 publications

The Identification of Three Cancer Stem Cell Subpopulations within Moderately Differentiated Lip Squamous Cell Carcinoma

The Identification of Three Cancer Stem Cell Subpopulations within Moderately Differentiated Lip Squamous Cell Carcinoma

SALL4, the missing link between stem cells, development and cancer

MicroRNA-98 acts as a tumor suppressor in hepatocellular carcinoma via targeting SALL4

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