Salivary Parameters and Caries Indices in Children with Black Tooth Stains

Garan, Aysun; Akyüz, Serap; Öztürk, Leyla Koç; Yarat, Ayşen

doi:10.17796/jcpd.36.3.21466m672t723713

Cited by 21 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Salivary parameters such as pH, buffering capacity, and calcium and phosphate ion concentrations are well-known caries-protective factors [11–13]. There is little data describing the saliva composition in subjects with BS.…”

Section: Salivary Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There were no significant differences in phosphorus levels and salivary pH. Salivary flow rate was lower in children with BS compared to children without BS [13]. …”

Section: Salivary Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Little data is available on chemical composition of saliva in subjects with BS. However, higher levels of salivary buffering capacity, higher pH, and increased concentrations of calcium and phosphate were reported [11–13]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Black Stain and Dental Caries: A Review of the Literature

Żyła

Kawala

Antoszewska-Smith

et al. 2015

BioMed Research International

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Black stain is characterized as a dark line or an incomplete coalescence of dark dots localized on the cervical third of the tooth. Over the last century, the etiology of black stain has been the subject of much debate. Most of the studies concerning this issue were conducted in pediatric population. According to the reviewed articles published between 2001 and 2014, the prevalence of black stain varies from 2.4% to 18% with equal sex distribution. The majority of the authors confirm the correlation between the presence of black stain and lower caries experience. The microflora of this deposit is dominated by Actinomyces spp. and has lower cariogenic potential than nondiscolored dental plaque. Iron/copper and sulfur complexes are thought to be responsible for the dark color. In patients with black stain saliva has higher calcium concentrations and higher buffering capacity. Factors such as dietary habits, socioeconomic status, and iron supplementation may be contributing to the formation of black stain.

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Section: Salivary Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There were no significant differences in phosphorus levels and salivary pH. Salivary flow rate was lower in children with BS compared to children without BS [13]. …”

Section: Salivary Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Black Stain and Dental Caries: A Review of the Literature

Żyła

Kawala

Antoszewska-Smith

et al. 2015

BioMed Research International

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“…The number of S. mutans tended to be lower in BS samples than in nondiscolored plaque samples and the numbers of S. sobrinus were not considerably different between the two 13 . Another hypothesis is related to a probable higher content of total calcium and inorganic phosphates in the group of children with black spots 21 , which could reduce the caries occurrence by reducing the dissolution of enamel, allowing the maintenance of a more stable pH, and providing higher buffer capacity of saliva 22 . The regular consumption of iron-rich foods or iron supplements during early childhood could be reasons for favoring chromogenic microbiota development 16 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Black stains and dental caries in Brazilian schoolchildren: a cross-sectional study

et al. 2016

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Black stains and dental caries in Brazilian schoolchildren: a cross-sectional study Abstract: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of black stains (BS) and factors associated with their occurrence and to investigate the association of BS with caries experience after adjusting for other risk indicators. A school-based, cross-sectional study using multistage sampling of children aged 10-12 years from 20 private and public schools in Pelotas/Southern Brazil was conducted (n = 706). Children were evaluated for BS and dental caries (DMFT/dmft index) and socioeconomic information was collected by questionnaire. Univariate and multivariate Poisson regressions were used to assess variables associated with the prevalence of BS and with caries experience. The prevalence of BS was 5.81%. The mean DMFT/dmft was 1.54 (±1.91), with a maximum value of 10. Among the children with BS, mean dmft/DMFT was 1.22 (SD 1.68), with a maximum value of 6. After adjustments for demographics and socioeconomic variables, dental plaque and tooth brushing habits, prevalence of BS was associated with lower caries experience (RR 0.67; 95%CI 0.49-0.92).In conclusion, the presence of BS showed an association with lower dental caries experience in the evaluated population. Future studies should investigate the mechanisms behind this association.

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“…However there are different reports about the effect of extrinsic black stain on ECC (SUN et al, 2013;Chen et al, 2014;Tripodi et al, 2016;WU et al, 2018). Black staining of teeth in children has been associated with lower dental caries (Garan et al, 2012;de Rezende et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salivary Microbiome Variation in Early Childhood Caries of Children 3–6 Years of Age and Its Association With Iron Deficiency Anemia and Extrinsic Black Stain

Han

Yue

Lin

et al. 2021

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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ECC is a common clinical manifestation of the oral cavity in childhood and Iron deficiency-anemia (IDA) is a high-risk factor but extrinsic black stain on the tooth surface is a protective factor for caries. There is limited information about oral microecological change in early children who suffer from ECC with IDA and extrinsic black stain (BS). This study enrolled 136 children aged 3-6 years. Dental caries and teeth BS were examined. Saliva was collected for 16S rRNA gene and fingertip blood were for Hemoglobin test. There are 93 ECC including 13 with IDA (IDA ECC) and 80 without IDA (NIDA ECC) and 43 caries free (CF) including 17 with BS (BSCF) and 26 without BS (NBS CF). Statistical analysis of microbiota data showed differences of the oral flora in different groups. The oral flora of the IDA ECC group had a high diversity, while the BSCF group had a low diversity. The bacterial genera Bacillus, Moraxella, and Rhodococcus were enriched in the IDA ECC while Neisseria was enriched in the NIDA ECC. Neisseria only exhibited high abundance in the BSCF, and the remaining genera exhibited high abundance in the NBSCF. Interestingly, the BSCF had the same trend as the NIDA ECC, and the opposite trend was observed with IDA ECC. We established random forest classifier using these biomarkers to predict disease outcomes. The random forest classifier achieved the best accuracy in predicting the outcome of caries, anemia and black stain using seven, one and eight biomarkers, respectively; and the accuracies of the classifiers were 93.35%, 94.62% and 95.23%, respectively. Our selected biomarkers can achieve good prediction, suggesting their potential clinical implications.

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Salivary Parameters and Caries Indices in Children with Black Tooth Stains

Cited by 21 publications

References 8 publications

Black Stain and Dental Caries: A Review of the Literature

Black Stain and Dental Caries: A Review of the Literature

Black stains and dental caries in Brazilian schoolchildren: a cross-sectional study

Salivary Microbiome Variation in Early Childhood Caries of Children 3–6 Years of Age and Its Association With Iron Deficiency Anemia and Extrinsic Black Stain

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