Salivary changes in oxidative stress related to inflammation in oral and gastrointestinal diseases

Abstract

Objectives The early diagnosis and monitoring of Crohn's disease (CD) and orofacial granulomatosis (OFG) might be facilitated by assaying potential disease biomarkers in saliva. Markers of oxidative stress and inflammation were assayed in salivas from patients with CD, OFG and concurrent OFG and CD (OFG + CD). Subjects Unstimulated whole mouth saliva was collected from 93 subjects, and immunoglobulin A (IgA), lactoferrin (LF) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were determined by ELISA. Markers of oxidative stress and antioxidant status were assayed spectrophotometrically. Results Immunoglobulin A was significantly (p < .03) higher in experimental groups vs the control group. LF was significantly (p < .01) higher in OFG + CD compared to CTRL and CD. Ferric reducing antioxidant power was lower (p ≤ .009) in all experimental groups, and advanced glycation end products were higher (p ≤ .01) in CD and OFG + CD patients. Conclusion Oxidative stress is increased in saliva in CD and OFG. Although MPO, a product of inflammatory cells, was not significantly increased, the other innate immune markers, IgA and LF, which are also secreted by salivary glands, were increased. This study suggests that saliva might be utilized in monitoring CD and OFG but further longitudinal studies focused on analysing a panel of salivary markers are needed.

Salivary Stress/Immunological Markers in Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis

“…No differences were found between the TBARS and TAC groups measured with the 2,2 -azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) method [84]. On the contrary, FRAP was lower in all patients with CD and in individuals with OFG, whereas AGE were higher in CD and OFG + CD patients [84]. Surprisingly, AOPP values were higher in both CD and OFG groups but not in CD patients with OFG.…”

“…Oxidative stress markers include enzymes, including those that produce ROS and those that neutralize ROS, nonenzymatic antioxidants, and markers based on ROS-induced modifications [80]. Of these markers, the following have been in saliva samples of patients with IBD: enzymes, including glutathione peroxidase (GPX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and myeloperoxidase (MPO); nonenzymatic antioxidants, such as the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), uric acid (UA), and total thiol level (SH); thio-barbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and ROS-induced proteins modifications, including advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP); and advanced glycation end products (AGE) (Table 2) [42,43,[81][82][83][84].…”

“…Similarly, reduced glutathione should be measured by HPCL methods [80], whereas the 5,5 -dithiobis 2 nitro-benzoic acid (DTNB)-based assay [42] evaluated SH. We used the abbreviations TBARS and SH in Table 2, which provides a concise description of the results of the case-control studies [42,43,[81][82][83][84].…”

“…Majster et al [30] suggested that subclinical immune alterations of the oral mucosa, including orofacial granulomatosis (OFG), could be reflected in the saliva. Jansakova et al [84] recently compared individuals with OFG, patients with CD with and without OFG, and healthy controls. No differences were found between the TBARS and TAC groups measured with the 2,2 -azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) method [84].…”

“…Jansakova et al [84] recently compared individuals with OFG, patients with CD with and without OFG, and healthy controls. No differences were found between the TBARS and TAC groups measured with the 2,2 -azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) method [84]. On the contrary, FRAP was lower in all patients with CD and in individuals with OFG, whereas AGE were higher in CD and OFG + CD patients [84].…”