Salivary Bioscience and the Future of Behavioral Medicine

Hoyt, Michael F.

doi:10.1007/s12529-020-09900-w

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Saliva samples provide a valid and convenient DNA source for exposure measurements. Saliva is a natural filtrate of blood that consist of leukocytes and endothelial cells, contains small molecules, metals, proteins, DNA, and reflects individual exposomes including diet, toxins, environmental chemicals, psychological health 13 , immune perturbation 14 , offering ‘stress-free’ sampling in epidemiology studies. Using the manufacturer’s protocol (PrepIT-L2P Oragene DNA Genotek Inc Kanata, Ontario, Canada) saliva sample tubes were inverted for gentle mixing and then incubated overnight in a C24 Incubator Shaker (New Brunswick Scientific, Edison, NJ) at 50°C and 85 rpm.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of DNA methylation signatures with cognitive performance among smokers and ex-smokers

Hsu,

Daughters,

Bauer

et al. 2023

Tob. Induc. Dis.

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INTRODUCTION Alterations in DNA methylation profiles have been associated with cancer, and can be influenced by environmental factors such as smoking. A small but growing literature indicates there are reproducible and robust differences in methylation levels among smokers, never smokers, and ex-smokers. Here, we compared differences in salivary DNA methylation levels among current and ex-smokers (at least 2 years abstinent). METHODS Smokers (n=26) and ex-smokers (n=30) provided detailed smoking histories, completed the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT), and submitted a saliva sample. Whole-genome DNA methylation from saliva was performed, and ANCOVA models and a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were used for the differences between groups and the performance of significant CpG sites. RESULTS After controlling for race, age, and gender, smokers had significantly lower methylation levels than ex-smokers in two CpG sites: cg05575921 (AHRR) and cg21566642 (ALPPL2). Based on the ROC analyses, both CpGs had strong classification potentials (cg05575921 AUC=0.97 and cg21566642 AUC=0.93) in differentiating smoking status. Across all subjects, the percent methylation of cg05575921 (AHRR) and cg21566642 (ALPPL2) positively correlated with the length of the last quit attempt (r=0.65 and 0.64, respectively, p<0.001) and PASAT accuracy (r=0.29 and 0.30, respectively, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS In spite of the small sample size and preliminary research, our results replicate previously reported differences in AHRR hypomethylation among smokers. Furthermore, we show that the duration of smoking abstinence is associated with a recovery of methylation in ex-smokers, which may be linked to a reduced risk of smoking-associated diseases. The association with cognitive performance suggests that the hypomethylation of AHRR in saliva may reflect systemic exposure to cigarette-related toxicants that negatively affect cognitive performance, and should be validated in larger studies.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of DNA methylation signatures with cognitive performance among smokers and ex-smokers

Hsu,

Daughters,

Bauer

et al. 2023

Tob. Induc. Dis.

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“…Salivary biospecimen technologies have grown in popularity over the last decade within research studies and clinical testing to non-invasively measure levels of analytes within diverse human populations (8). This utility is primarily due to its contextual practicality, allowing for sample collection outside of laboratory or clinical settings, as well as the non-invasiveness and feasibility of saliva sampling relative to more invasive techniques, such as phlebotomy (9)(10)(11).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, a design that rigorously standardizes collection of salivary samples can reduce or eliminate unintentional biases due to variations in collection methodological variables. These methodological decisions include how much time should be allowed between a participant's waking time to their saliva collection time, the time of day the saliva sample is collected, the amount of physical activity allowed prior to sampling, if caffeine is consumed prior to sampling, or other oral considerations that can impact measured analyte levels (5,8,12,25,26). Standardized collection practices help eliminate unintended experimental noise, where non-biological factors may influence the composition or volume of whole unstimulated saliva (27).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The implications of socioeconomic factors on salivary bioscience methodological variables in a large pediatric multi-site study

Mariko,

Uban

2023

Front. Public Health

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IntroductionSalivary bioscience has found increased utilization within pediatric research, given the non-invasive nature of self-collecting saliva for measuring biological markers. With this growth in pediatric utility, more understanding is needed of how social-contextual factors, such as socioeconomic factors or status (SES), influence salivary bioscience in large multi-site studies. Socioeconomic factors have been shown to influence non-salivary analyte levels across childhood and adolescent development. However, less is understood about relationships between these socioeconomic factors and salivary collection methodological variables (e.g., time of saliva collection from waking, time of day of saliva collection, physical activity prior to saliva collection, and caffeine intake prior to saliva collection). Variability in salivary methodological variables between participants may impact the levels of analytes measured in a salivary sample, thus serving as a potential mechanism for non-random systematic biases in analytes.MethodsOur objective is to examine relationships between socioeconomic factors and salivary bioscience methodological variables within the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study© cohort of children aged 9–10 years old (n = 10,567 participants with saliva samples).ResultsWe observed significant associations between household socioeconomic factors (poverty status, education) and salivary collection methodological variables (time since waking, time of day of sampling, physical activity, and caffeine intake). Moreover, lower levels of household poverty and education were significantly associated with more sources of potential bias in salivary collection methodological variables (e.g., longer times since waking, collections later in the day, higher odds of caffeine consumption, and lower odds of physical activity). Consistent associations were not observed with neighborhood socioeconomic factors and salivary methodological variables.DiscussionPrevious literature demonstrates associations between collection methodological variables and measurements of salivary analyte levels, particularly with analytes that are more sensitive to circadian rhythms, pH levels, or rigorous physical activity. Our novel findings suggest that unintended distortions in measured salivary analyte values, potentially resulting from the non-random systematic biases in salivary methodology, need to be intentionally incorporated into analyses and interpretation of results. This is particularly salient for future studies interested in examining underlying mechanisms of childhood socioeconomic health inequities in future analyses.

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“…Over the last four decades, salivary bioscience in particular has attracted significant of interest in medical and biopsychological research due to its advantages over blood measurements, specifically for self-administered and continuous measurement and for research on vulnerable populations [ 10 , 11 , 12 ]. Saliva collection is non-invasive, stress-free, and quick.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of a Commercial Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Allopregnanolone in the Saliva of Healthy Pregnant Women

et al. 2022

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Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for saliva are simple, non-invasive methods for hormone detection. Allopregnanolone (ALLO) is a neuroactive steroid hormone that plays a crucial role in the aetiology of reproductive mood disorders. To better understand the relationship between ALLO and mood, a validated method to measure peripheral hormone levels is required. Currently, there is no commercially available ELISA with which to measure ALLO in saliva. We validated two ELISAs, developed for use with blood, with the saliva samples of 25 pregnant women, examining the range and sensitivity, intra- and inter-assay precision, parallelism, linearity of dilution, and recovery. The samples were simultaneously analysed using the liquid-chromatography–mass-spectrometry (LC-MS) method. The kits differed in range (31.2–2000 pg/mL vs. 1.6–100 ng/mL) and sensitivity (<9.5 pg/mL vs. 0.9 ng/mL), with the latter showing significant matrix effects and the former fulfilling the acceptance criteria of all the parameters. The concentrations measured with LC–MS were below the lower limit of quantification (<1.0 ng/mL) and no signal was detected. One of the tested ELISAs is a valid method for detecting ALLO in the saliva of pregnant women. It has a suitable measurement range and higher sensitivity than the conventional LC–MS method.

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Salivary Bioscience and the Future of Behavioral Medicine

Cited by 4 publications

References 30 publications

Association of DNA methylation signatures with cognitive performance among smokers and ex-smokers

Association of DNA methylation signatures with cognitive performance among smokers and ex-smokers

The implications of socioeconomic factors on salivary bioscience methodological variables in a large pediatric multi-site study

Validation of a Commercial Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Allopregnanolone in the Saliva of Healthy Pregnant Women

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