Salivary analysis of oral cancer biomarkers

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Oral cancer is a common and lethal malignancy. Direct contact between saliva and the oral cancer lesion makes measurement of tumour markers in saliva an attractive alternative to serum testing. METHODS: We tested 19 tongue cancer patients, measuring the levels of 8 salivary markers related to oxidative stress, DNA repair, carcinogenesis, metastasis and cellular proliferation and death. RESULTS: Five markers increased in cancer patients by 39 -246%: carbonyls, lactate dehydrogenase, metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), Ki67 and Cyclin D1 (CycD1) (Pp0.01). Three markers decreased by 16 -29%: 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase, phosphorylated-Src and mammary serine protease inhibitor (Maspin) (Pp0.01). Increase in salivary carbonyls was profound (by 246%, P ¼ 0.012); alterations in CycD1 (87% increase, P ¼ 0.000006) and Maspin (29% decrease, P ¼ 0.007) were especially significant. Sensitivity values of these eight analysed markers ranged from 58% to 100%; specificity values ranged from 42% to 100%. Both values were especially high for the CycD1 and Maspin markers, 100% for each value of each marker. These were also high for carbonyls, 90% and 80%, respectively, and for MMP-9, 100% and 79%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The significance of each salivary alteration is discussed. As all alterations correlated with each other, they may belong to a single carcinogenetic network. Cancer-related changes in salivary tumour markers may be used as a diagnostic tool for diagnosis, prognosis and post-operative monitoring.

Pleural fluid analysis of lung cancer vs benign inflammatory disease patients

“…Accordingly, PE analysis may become a valuable rapid-diagnosis tool, saving many unnecessary biopsies and hospital/outpatient clinic visits, especially in light of the poor sensitivity of the currently available pleural cytological examination. It is well established that the merit of any compositional analysis is further augmented when a concurrent analysis is performed simultaneously for several markers, thus reaching higher sensitivity and specificity rates (Shpitzer et al, 2009). For example, in this study, the specificity rate of the PE analysis reached 100% when the analysis included all markers simultaneously, rather than one.…”

Role of Salivary Biomarkers for Early Detection of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

“…23 In saliva of OSCC patients, the levels of Ki67 marker were found to be increased while 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase, phosphorylated-Src, and mammary serine protease inhibitor (Maspin) were found to be decreased as evident in various studies. 24 The presence of HPV and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genomic sequence has been identified as possible DNA markers in detecting OSCC and tumor progression. 25 …”

Promising Future in the Detection of Oral Cancer by Using Advance Screening Technology

“…So far, more than 100 potential OSCC salivary biomarkers have been reported in the literature, based mainly on comparing the levels found in OSCC patients to the levels found in non-OSCC normal controls. Most categories of Potential salivary biomarkers for oral cancer detection are : Non-organic compound (Na, Ca, F, and Mg) [43], peptid (Defensin-1) [44], proteins (IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, Endothelin-1,...) [45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59], DNAs ( P53 gene codon 63,…) [60,61], mRNAs (IL-1β, H3F3A,…) [62], Oxidative stress-related molecules (Glutathione, Peroxidase,…) [26], Glucocorticoid (Cortisol) [63], Metabolomics (Lactic acid, Valine,….) [64], Glycosylation related molecules (Sialic acid, α-L-fucosidase) [65,66].…”