Saliva is a non‐negligible factor in the spread of COVID‐19

Li, Yuqing; Ren, Biao; Peng, Xian; Hu, Tao; Li, Jiyao; Gong, Tao; Tang, Boyu; Xu, Xin; Zhou, Xuedong

doi:10.1111/omi.12289

Cited by 163 publications

(170 citation statements)

References 42 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

140

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…24 Compounding these anatomic limitations, the procedure for NP sample collection is invasive, further reducing patient compliance for repeated and serial sampling. Saliva may serve as an important mediator in transmitting SARS-CoV-2 between individuals via droplets and aerosols, [25][26][27] and thus viral loads in saliva may serve as a highly relevant correlate of transmission potential. However, saliva is comprised of constituents that may hinder virus detection by RT-qPCR, such as degradative enzymes.…”

Section: Development Of a Direct Saliva-to-rt-qpcr Process For Detectmentioning

confidence: 99%

Saliva-Based Molecular Testing for SARS-CoV-2 that Bypasses RNA Extraction

Rañoa

Holland

Alnaji

et al. 2020

Preprint

123

175

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Convenient, repeatable, large-scale molecular testing for SARS-CoV-2 would be a key weapon to help control the COVID-19 pandemic. Unfortunately, standard SARS-CoV-2 testing protocols are invasive and rely on numerous items that can be subject to supply chain bottlenecks, and as such are not suitable for frequent repeat testing. Specifically, personal protective equipment (PPE), nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs, the associated viral transport media (VTM), and kits for RNA isolation and purification have all been in short supply at various times during the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 is spread through droplets and aerosols transmitted through person-to-person contact, and thus saliva may be a relevant medium for diagnosing SARS-CoV-2 infection status. Here we describe a saliva-based testing method that bypasses the need for RNA isolation/purification. In experiments with inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus spiked into saliva, this method has a limit of detection of 500-1000 viral particles per mL, rivalling the standard NP swab method, and initial studies also show excellent performance with 100 clinical samples. This saliva-based process is operationally simple, utilizes readily available materials, and can be easily implemented by existing testing sites, thus allowing for high-throughput, rapid, and repeat testing of large populations. Graphical Abstract3 BackgroundThe slow roll-out and inconsistent availability of diagnostic testing for SARS-CoV-2 has hobbled efforts to control the COVID-19 pandemic in many countries. Testing protocols based on the use of nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs as the collection agent, placed in a tube containing viral transport media (VTM), followed by RNA isolation/purification and subsequent analysis by RT-qPCR is currently the most common method ( Figure 1A). 1,2 While some variant of this process has been implemented worldwide, there are multiple challenges with this workflow. Sample collection using NP swabs requires healthcare workers wearing personal protective equipment (PPE) to collect samples, the swabs can be uncomfortable for the patients during collection, and the swabs and the associated VTM have been in short supply at many times and in most locations. In addition, RNA isolation/purification is another significant bottleneck, both in the time and labor required for this process, and in the availability of the equipment and reagents. All of these components also add to the cost of the testing process.There is emerging consensus that widespread, frequently repeated testing is necessary for a safer return to activities that are important for society. Given the data suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 can be spread by pre-symptomatic/asymptomatic carriers, 3-6 localized outbreaks could be dramatically reduced or prevented if individuals shedding SARS-CoV-2 could be readily identified and isolated. For example, imagine a testing bubble placed over a group that desires face-to-face interaction -employees of a company, members of a sports team, extended family networks, etc. If all members of...

show abstract

Section: Development Of a Direct Saliva-to-rt-qpcr Process For Detectmentioning

confidence: 99%

Saliva-Based Molecular Testing for SARS-CoV-2 that Bypasses RNA Extraction

Rañoa

Holland

Alnaji

et al. 2020

Preprint

123

175

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…9,10 The membrane bound to ACE2 is found in different tissue cells, including mucosal tissues, gingiva, non-keratinising squamous epithelium, and epithelial cells of the tongue and salivary glands. 8,11 A high SARS-CoV-2 viral load has also been detected in saliva, 12 and it its presence has even been suggested in periodontal pockets. 13 These findings agree with previous investigations that have suggested that virus transmission can be closely connected with saliva interactions 14,15 making oral tissues a possible reservoir from which SARS-CoV-2 transmission may occur during coughing, sneezing, talking, and even during dental care.…”

Section: Pathogenesis Of Coronavirus Disease 2019mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…13 These findings agree with previous investigations that have suggested that virus transmission can be closely connected with saliva interactions 14,15 making oral tissues a possible reservoir from which SARS-CoV-2 transmission may occur during coughing, sneezing, talking, and even during dental care. 4,12,16 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjoms.2020.08.016 0266-4356/© 2020 The British Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.…”

Section: Pathogenesis Of Coronavirus Disease 2019mentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of mouthwashes against COVID-19 in dentistry

Vergara‐Buenaventura

Castro-Ruiz

2020

British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

141

148

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The proximity to the patient during dental care, high generation of aerosols, and the identification of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva have suggested the oral cavity as a potential reservoir for COVID-19 transmission. Mouthwashes are widely-used solutions due to their ability to reduce the number of microorganisms in the oral cavity. Although there is still no clinical evidence that they can prevent the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, preoperative antimicrobial mouth rinses with chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX), cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), povidone-iodine (PVP-I), and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) have been recommended to reduce the number of microorganisms in aerosols and drops during oral procedures. This paper therefore aims to provide a comprehensive review of the current recommendations on the use of mouthwashes against the COVID-19 pandemic and to analyse the advantages and disadvantages of most conventional antiseptic mouthwashes used in dentistry.

show abstract

“…Previously, viruses such as Zika virus has also been inoculated from saliva of the infected patients, indicating interaction of various salivary biochemicals with the virus. 16 As previously stated, ACE2 receptor is the primary site of action for coronavirus and salivary glands have an abundant number of these receptors. Apart from novel coronavirus, many other viruses have been detected in saliva such as Epstein-Barr virus, Herpes Simplex virus, Chikungunya virus and Ebola virus.…”

Section: Saliva As a Source Of Virus Spreadmentioning

confidence: 94%

Saliva as a Diagnostic Tool for Detection of Coronavirus: A Review

Lal

Saleem

Ahmed

2020

J Islamabad Med Dental Coll

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We aimed in this literature review to demonstrate the association and potential of detecting novel coronavirus in saliva of patients and how its implication in future can aid in diagnosis as a non-invasive diagnostic modality. The specimen can be easily obtained and tested from suspected individuals. Review of available literature in PubMed, Google Scholar, EBSCO, and Semantic Scholar was carried out using keywords and combination of “Coronavirus”, “saliva” and “diagnosis”. Of 1846 articles found, 110 were screened and included in this literature review. Currently, nasopharyngeal swab is the standard diagnostic tool as it has been reported to be accurate and sensitive towards detection of coronavirus. Testing of saliva specimens is now being considered to aid rapid detection, because saliva collection and its testing are relatively simple, cheap, and safe for both patients as well as healthcare professionals. Further research on this will be beneficial to control and contain the virus.

show abstract

Saliva is a non‐negligible factor in the spread of COVID‐19

Cited by 163 publications

References 42 publications

Saliva-Based Molecular Testing for SARS-CoV-2 that Bypasses RNA Extraction

Saliva-Based Molecular Testing for SARS-CoV-2 that Bypasses RNA Extraction

Use of mouthwashes against COVID-19 in dentistry

Saliva as a Diagnostic Tool for Detection of Coronavirus: A Review

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About