Saliva as Highly Informative Substrate for Non-Invasive Analysis of Lipoperoxide Processes and Muscle Damage in Hiqhly Skilled Athletes

Abstract

The purpose of the investigation was to study the efficiency of measuring markers of oxidative stress and muscle damage in the oral fluid in highly skilled sportsmen under physical exercise for the assessment of their functional state. 70 highly qualified athletes at the age of 16-20 years specializing in the cyclic kinds of sports (track and field, swimming) took part in the investigation. Sportsmen performed the control test which consisted of the series of 3×100 m distances by a flat race with an active 45 s rest between them for the track and field athletes, and 4×50 m by the main swimming style with an active rest between the distances also for 45 s for the swimmers. Activity of creatine kinase, content of lipid peroxidation products in the blood and oral fluid were measured standard biochemical methods. The performance of the functional tests induces the excessive accumulation of toxic products of lipoperoxidation and increases activity of creatine kinase in the oral fluid of highly qualified athletes. Correlation analysis shows, that the intensity of free radical and peroxide processes in athletes can be evaluated by means of the method of measuring the content of lipid peroxidation products in the oral fluid.

Measurement of Lipid Peroxidation Products and Creatine Kinase in Blood Plasma and Saliva of Athletes at Rest and following Exercise

“…Similar levels of plasmatic and salivary DC, TC and SB at rest and following exercise may be associated with the fact that these compounds are able to diffuse from serum through capillaries, accumulating in saliva according to the concentration gradient [ 40 ]. Our previous work partially confirms these findings where specific HIIEs performed by swimmers and runners induced lipid peroxidation propagation in saliva, which was identified by the measurements of salivary DC, TC and SB levels [ 3 ]. However, unlike the present study, there was no blood sampling together with saliva collection (i.e., simultaneously) before and immediately after the exercise, which did not allow us to assess the agreement between quantitative measurements of DC, TC and SB in plasma and saliva.…”

“…Each phase was assessed against the corresponding control sample, which was prepared in the same way as the test, but distilled water was added instead of plasma or saliva. Sample concentrations of DC, TC and SB are presented as continuous variables and were calculated using standard equations (E232/E220 for calculating DC, E278/E220 for calculating TC, and E400/E220 for calculating SB, respectively) [ 3 , 25 , 28 , 31 , 35 ].…”

“…Preheated (37 °C) monoreagent and sample (plasma or saliva) were mixed in a 10:1 ratio. Enzyme activity was measured at 340 nm [ 3 , 28 , 31 , 33 , 35 ].…”

“…Accurate monitoring of oxidative stress and muscle damage caused by exercise is essential in sports and exercise medicine [ 1 ]. Recently, the use of saliva has been carefully considered and examined as an attractive option for the assessment of oxidative stress and muscle damage in exercise science due to its non-invasive nature and analyte availability compared to blood analysis [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. Saliva availability allows for the collection of multiple specimens, including continuous supply during each training session, which is not possible with blood sampling [ 1 ].…”

Royal jelly plus coenzyme Q10 supplementation improves high-intensity interval exercise performance via changes in plasmatic and salivary biomarkers of oxidative stress and muscle damage in swimmers: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial

“…Preheated (37°C) monoreagent and sample (plasma or saliva) were mixed in a 10:1 ratio. Enzyme activity was measured at 340 nm and expressed as continuous variables with international units per liter [ 77 , 78 ].…”