Safety Assessment of Propylene Glycol, Tripropylene Glycol, and PPGs as Used in Cosmetics

Fiume, Monice M.; Bergfeld, Wilma F.; Belsito, Donald V.; Hill, Ronald A.; Klaassen, Curtis D.; Liebler, Daniel C.; Marks, James G.; Shank, Ronald C.; Slaga, Thomas J.; Snyder, Paul W.; Andersen, F. Alan

doi:10.1177/1091581812461381

Cited by 62 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 32 publications

(25 reference statements)

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“…Propylene glycol is affirmed to be Generally Recognized As Safe by the US Food and Drug Administration's (ID Code 57556) and the Code of Federal Regulations (21CFR184.1666). Propylene glycol has been used as an ingredient in pharmaceuticals, foods (Fiume et al, 2012), and cosmetics (Anonymous, 1994) due to its antifungal and pesticidal qualities. In this study, medium and high concentrations of PG plus gum treated nets controlled mite infestations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Food-Grade Ingredients to Nets for Dry Cured Hams to Control Mite Infestations

Zhang

Campbell

Phillips

et al. 2017

Meat and Muscle Biology

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Infestations of Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank; Sarcoptiformes: Acaridae), known as the ham mite, may occur on dry cured hams during the aging process. The fumigant methyl bromide is currently used to control mite infestations, but it will eventually not be available for use since it contributes to the depletion of the ozone layer. The use of ham nets treated with xanthan gum, carrageenan, propylene glycol alginate, and propylene glycol food-grade ingredients on mite orientation to or oviposition on treated or untreated ham cubes, and mite reproduction and population growth over a 10-wk period was evaluated. Behavioral tests indicated that more than 95% of the mites oriented to the ham cubes that were wrapped in untreated nets when compared to treated nets and no eggs were laid on the latter. The reproduction assays demonstrated that there were fewer (P < 0.05) T. putrescentiae produced over a 2-wk period on ham cubes covered with both gum and propylene glycol treated nets, when compared to the untreated or gum-only treated nets over the 10-wk storage period of the experiment. Medium and high concentrations of propylene glycol treatments showed the lowest reproductive rates of mites. No more than 4 mites could be found on each of these treatments in comparison to 200 to 300 mites that were recorded on the untreated hams. This study demonstrated efficacy of using the nets treated with food-grade ingredients during ham aging to control mite infestations on a laboratory scale. Further research will be conducted to determine the effectiveness of the same treated nets on whole hams in commercial aging rooms.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Food-Grade Ingredients to Nets for Dry Cured Hams to Control Mite Infestations

Zhang

Campbell

Phillips

et al. 2017

Meat and Muscle Biology

View full text Add to dashboard Buy / Rent full text

show abstract

“…Propylene glycol is a clear, viscous, and colorless liquid with minimal odor and a slightly bittersweet taste (Martin and Murphy, 2000). Propylene glycol is classified as a GRAS ingredient by the FDA when used as a direct additive in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical products (Anonymous, 1994;Fiume et al, 2012). When compared to the net control, the lard + low/medium PG infused nets reduced the mite population by 73.1/80.0%, 64.5/84.6%, and 85.3/81.6% for treatments that were immediately inoculated after netting, 4 wk after netting and 8 wk after netting ham samples inoculated, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Lard, Food Grade Propylene Glycol, and Polysaccharides in Infused Nets to Control Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank; Sarcoptiformes: Acaridae) Infestation on Dry Cured Hams

Zhang

Byron

Goddard

et al. 2018

Meat and Muscle Biology

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Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) is controlled in the U.S. dry cured ham industry with methyl bromide (MB) fumigation. However, MB fumigation is being phased out of use since it is an ozone depleting substance. The objective of this research was to evaluate ham nets that were infused with lard, propylene glycol (PG) and polysaccharide coating for their efficacy at controlling mite infestations on dry cured ham cubes from hams that were aged for 4 to 6 mo. Results indicated that fewer T. putrescentiae (P < 0.05) were on ham cubes with treated nets containing PG when compared to the number of mites on ham cubes with untreated nets over 10 wk of storage. Lard infused nets without PG did not decrease the mite population (P > 0.05). The net without coating slowed the growth and reproduction of T. putrescentiae since net controls had fewer mites (P < 0.05) than controls without nets. Fungi were not present on ham cubes that were treated with PG-containing nets over 10 wk of storage with a few exceptions. In conclusion, lard and xanthan gum, or carrageenan + propylene glycol alginate treated nets containing the medium concentration of PG effectively inhibited mite reproduction and fungal growth on dry cured ham and could potentially be used in an integrated pest management program to control mites on dry cured hams.

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“…It has also been shown that the propylene glycol is permeation enhancer for other substances. One proposed mechanism for it is the modification of the skin barrier by changing the structure of keratin and increasing the concentration of the solution in the stratum corneum [18]. Furthermore, one and the same vehicle should be used for this study to eliminate the risk of causing irritation or sensitization by this substance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensitization Properties of Propolis and Balsam of Peru in Guinea Pig Maximization Test (GPMT)

Basista-Sołtys¹,

Filipek²,

Zadrożna³

et al. 2017

FNS

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Introduction: Propolis is used in Poland as an active ingredient of some drugs administered externally, dietary supplements and cosmetics. According to the literature, propolis is a non-toxic and safe substance, although it may cause allergic contact dermatitis. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the allergenic properties of propolis and Balsam of Peru. Material and methods: The study was conducted according to the OECD Guideline for testing of chemicals-Skin sensitization with use of Guinea pig maximization test (GPMT).Guinea pigs have similar sensitivity to allergens as human body. Sensitization properties of propolis were tested in comparison with sensitization properties of Balsam of Peru because of the possibility of cross-reaction between those two substances. Results: The skin of guinea pigs in the propolis group showed no visible change compared to the control group during the first (48 h) and second observation (72 h). The skin of guinea pigs from Balsam of Peru group showed discrete erythema in only one case at the first observation (8.33% of the animals). During the second observation, no visible changes were observed compared to the control group. Conclusions: Guinea pig maximization test showed no sensitizing properties of propolis and weak sensitizing properties of Balsam of Peru in concentration of 5%.

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Safety Assessment of Propylene Glycol, Tripropylene Glycol, and PPGs as Used in Cosmetics

Cited by 62 publications

References 32 publications

Application of Food-Grade Ingredients to Nets for Dry Cured Hams to Control Mite Infestations

Application of Food-Grade Ingredients to Nets for Dry Cured Hams to Control Mite Infestations

Use of Lard, Food Grade Propylene Glycol, and Polysaccharides in Infused Nets to Control Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank; Sarcoptiformes: Acaridae) Infestation on Dry Cured Hams

Sensitization Properties of Propolis and Balsam of Peru in Guinea Pig Maximization Test (GPMT)

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