Ruthenium Nanocatalysts for Ammonia Synthesis: A Review

Saadatjou, Naghi; Jafari, Ali; Sahebdelfar, Saeed

doi:10.1080/00986445.2014.923995

Cited by 170 publications

(162 citation statements)

References 92 publications

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“…The reaction resembles that of water gas shift for which Ru is much more active than Pt [8]. Lastly, ruthenium is the most active metal for ammonia synthesis from N 2 + H 2 [9]. It is more active than the conventional FeK catalyst while the other group 8-10 metals are much less active [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

H2/D2 isotopic exchange: A tool to characterize complex hydrogen interaction with carbon-supported ruthenium catalysts

et al. 2016

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

H2/D2 isotopic exchange: A tool to characterize complex hydrogen interaction with carbon-supported ruthenium catalysts

et al. 2016

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“…1 Ru has turned out to be one of the most active catalysts in the ammonia synthesis. 2 Due to its low resistivity and low solubility with Cu, 3 Ru has been used as a Cu diffusion barrier and/or Cu seed layer in integrated circuits with copper interconnect technology. 4 Other applications for Ru thin films are as bottom electrode in capacitors based on high-K materials, 5 or as capping layer for optics designed for extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) 6,7,8,9 due to its low sensitivity for oxidation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vacuo growth studies of Ru thin films on Si, SiN, and SiO2 by high-sensitivity low energy ion scattering

Ribera

Kruijs

Sturm

et al. 2016

Journal of Applied Physics

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In vacuo high-sensitivity low energy ion scattering (HS-LEIS) has been used to investigate the initial growth stages of DC sputtered Ru on top of Si, SiN and SiO2. The high surface sensitivity of this technique allowed an accurate determination of surface coverages and thicknesses required for closing the Ru layer on all three substrates. The Ru layer closes (100% Ru surface signal) at about 2.0, 3.2 and 4.7 nm on top of SiO2, SiN and Si, respectively. In-depth Ru concentration profiles can be reconstructed from the Ru surface coverages when considering an error function like model. The large intermixing (4.7 nm) for the Ru-on-Si system is compared to the reverse system (Si-on-Ru), where only 0.9 nm intermixing occurs. The difference is predominantly explained by the strong Si surface segregation that is observed for Ru-on-Si. This surface segregation effect is also observed for Ru-on-SiN, but is absent for Ruon-SiO2. For this last system, in vacuo HS-LEIS analysis revealed surface oxygen directly after deposition, which suggests an oxygen surface segregation effect for Ru-on-SiO2. In vacuo XPS measurements confirmed this hypothesis based on the reaction of Ru with oxygen from the SiO2, followed by oxygen surface segregation.

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“…Hence, the use of nanostructured carbon materials as CNFs or CNTs, intrinsically more stable than AC has been investigated. 214 A novel ammonia synthesis catalyst, alkali-promoted ruthenium supported on CNTs has been developed. 215 Various alkali-promoters and carbon-based supports were compared.…”

Section: Ammonia Synthesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Heterogeneous Catalysis on Nanostructured Carbon Material Supported Catalysts

2015

Nanostructured Carbon Materials for Catalysis

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For almost twenty years there has been an increasing interest in the use of nanostructured carbon materials as catalyst supports. 1-16 Following the nanotechnology wave, a wide variety of carbon nanomaterials has been investigated as catalyst supports, including fullerenes, CNTs, CNFs, carbon onions, nanodiamonds, FLG or GO. CNTs and CNFs, which constitute a new family of support offering a good compromise between the advantages of AC and high surface area graphite have been particularly studied. The main advantages offered by CNT or CNF supports are: 17 (i) the high purity of the material can avoid self-poisoning; (ii) the mesoporous nature of these supports can be of interest for liquid-phase reactions, thus limiting the mass transfer; (iii) the high thermal conductivity that limits hot-spots that can damage the catalyst; (iv) their well-defined and tunable structure; (v) their rich surface chemistry that offers numerous perspectives for adsorption and dispersion of the active phase; and (vi) the specific metal support interactions, due to high electrical conductivity of the support and to the tunable orientation of the graphene layers, that exist and that can directly affect catalytic activity and selectivity. The possibility to perform catalysis in a confined space is also of great interest. 6,18 From a theoretical viewpoint, graphene provides the ultimate two-dimensional model of a catalytic support. The reason is related to its high theoretical surface area (ca. 2630 m 2 g −1 ), high conductivity, unique graphitized basal plane structure and chemical tolerance. FLG,

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Ruthenium Nanocatalysts for Ammonia Synthesis: A Review

Cited by 170 publications

References 92 publications

H2/D2 isotopic exchange: A tool to characterize complex hydrogen interaction with carbon-supported ruthenium catalysts

H2/D2 isotopic exchange: A tool to characterize complex hydrogen interaction with carbon-supported ruthenium catalysts

In vacuo growth studies of Ru thin films on Si, SiN, and SiO2 by high-sensitivity low energy ion scattering

Heterogeneous Catalysis on Nanostructured Carbon Material Supported Catalysts

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