Rural habitat and risk of death in small areas of Southern Spain

Ocaña-Riola, Ricardo; Sánchez-Cantalejo, Carmen; Fernández-Ajuria, Alberto

doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.03.016

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Our results are also concordant with other studies that used different deprivation measures [28][29][30][31][32][33]. Regarding the use of a rurality index, its application in southern Spain [34] showed a reduction in mortality rates for the most rural municipalities, with a risk of death for men 13.3 % lower in the most rural areas compared with that in more urban environments, and a risk of death for women 14.1 % lower than that in more urban environments. Similar associations between the rural characteristics of the area of residence and stomach cancer were obtained in rural areas of China [35].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Gastric cancer incidence and geographical variations: the influence of gender and rural and socioeconomic factors, Zaragoza (Spain)

et al. 2012

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Geographical differences in gastric cancer incidence were detected. Although these differences could be partially explained by the deprivation index for men in Zaragoza city, deprivation index cannot explain geographical differences for women. In the rest of the province, the rurality index 1991 could explain, at least for women, geographical differences. It is still necessary to develop a deprivation index suitable for small municipalities.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Gastric cancer incidence and geographical variations: the influence of gender and rural and socioeconomic factors, Zaragoza (Spain)

et al. 2012

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“…The centrally located provinces had a higher proportion of the population residing in rural areas. Since the risk of mortality has been shown to be lower in rural than in urban areas [ 16 ], we calculated for each province the percentage of the population aged 25 years and over with low and with high education who resided in municipalities with fewer than 5000 inhabitants. This was done by accessing the 2001 population census data in the website of the National Institute of Statistics [ 17 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Association of Geographic Coordinates with Mortality in People with Lower and Higher Education and with Mortality Inequalities in Spain

et al. 2015

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ObjectiveGeographic patterns in total mortality and in mortality by cause of death are widely known to exist in many countries. However, the geographic pattern of inequalities in mortality within these countries is unknown. This study shows mathematically and graphically the geographic pattern of mortality inequalities by education in Spain.MethodsData are from a nation-wide prospective study covering all persons living in Spain's 50 provinces in 2001. Individuals were classified in a cohort of subjects with low education and in another cohort of subjects with high education. Age- and sex-adjusted mortality rate from all causes and from leading causes of death in each cohort and mortality rate ratios in the low versus high education cohort were estimated by geographic coordinates and province.ResultsLatitude but not longitude was related to mortality. In subjects with low education, latitude had a U-shaped relation to mortality. In those with high education, mortality from all causes, and from cardiovascular, respiratory and digestive diseases decreased with increasing latitude, whereas cancer mortality increased. The mortality-rate ratio for all-cause death was 1.27 in the southern latitudes, 1.14 in the intermediate latitudes, and 1.20 in the northern latitudes. The mortality rate ratios for the leading causes of death were also higher in the lower and upper latitudes than in the intermediate latitudes. The geographic pattern of the mortality rate ratios is similar to that of the mortality rate in the low-education cohort: the highest magnitude is observed in the southern provinces, intermediate magnitudes in the provinces of the north and those of the Mediterranean east coast, and the lowest magnitude in the central provinces and those in the south of the Western Pyrenees.ConclusionMortality inequalities by education in Spain are higher in the south and north of the country and lower in the large region making up the central plateau. This geographic pattern is similar to that observed in mortality in the low-education cohort.

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“…Each individual was assigned to an education quartile and an unemployment quartile based on his/her province or neighbourhood of residence. Since the risk of mortality has proven to be lower in rural areas than in urban areas (Ocaña-Riola et al, 2006), for each province and for each neighbourhood the population density was also calculated by dividing the number of inhabitants in the province or neighbourhood by surface in square kilometers.…”

Section: Area-level Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Area-level socioeconomic context, total mortality and cause-specific mortality in Spain: Heterogeneous findings depending on the level of geographic aggregation

Regidor

Vallejo

Reques

et al. 2015

Social Science & Medicine

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Rural habitat and risk of death in small areas of Southern Spain

Cited by 12 publications

References 43 publications

Gastric cancer incidence and geographical variations: the influence of gender and rural and socioeconomic factors, Zaragoza (Spain)

Gastric cancer incidence and geographical variations: the influence of gender and rural and socioeconomic factors, Zaragoza (Spain)

The Association of Geographic Coordinates with Mortality in People with Lower and Higher Education and with Mortality Inequalities in Spain

Area-level socioeconomic context, total mortality and cause-specific mortality in Spain: Heterogeneous findings depending on the level of geographic aggregation

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