Rotavirus in Latin America: Current Situation and Perspectives

Santos, Victor Santana; Berezin, Eitan Naaman; Gurgel, Ricardo Queiróz

doi:10.1093/jpids/piw071

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…A recent meta-analysis from Ethiopia and Europe also noted an increasing trend of G2P [4], G9P [8], and/or G12P [8] and other previously uncommon genotypes not fully represented in the monovalent Rotarix vaccine that covers the G1P [8] strain [70,94]. Similarly, a significant proportion of diarrheal episodes were consistently noted in an association with the heterotypic G2P [4] rotavirus genotype in Latin America, Belgium, Botswana, and Australia [87,[95][96][97] and G9P [8] in northern Vietnam [98], despite reports of large-scale vaccination with the Rotarix vaccine. While some authors have attributed changing aspects of genotype distribution to lack of sufficient protections against heterologous and the newly emerging rotavirus strains, creating opportunities for strain selection due to vaccine-induced immunological pressures [87,99], others are of the opinion that natural strain fluctuation or gene reassortment events would be more likely to influence the emergence and the epidemiological fitness of variants in the absence of limited herd immunity [22,100].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Prevalence, Pattern and Genetic Diversity of Rotaviruses among Children under 5 Years of Age with Acute Gastroenteritis in South Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Omatola

Ogunsakin

Olaniran

2021

Viruses

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Rotavirus is the most significant cause of severe acute gastroenteritis among children under 5 years of age, worldwide. Sub-Saharan Africa particularly bears the brunt of the diarrheal deaths. A meta-analysis was conducted on 43 eligible studies published between 1982 and 2020 to estimate the pooled prevalence of rotavirus infection and changes in the main rotavirus strains circulating before and after vaccine introduction among under-five children in South Africa. The pooled national prevalence of rotavirus infection was estimated at 24% (95% CI: 21–27%) for the pre-vaccination period and decreased to 23% (95% CI: 21–25%) in the post-vaccination period. However, an increased number of cases was observed in the KwaZulu-Natal (21–28%) and Western Cape (18–24%) regions post-vaccination. The most dominant genotype combinations in the pre-vaccine era was G1P[8], followed by G2P[4], G3P[8], and G1P[6]. After vaccine introduction, a greater genotype diversity was observed, with G9P[8] emerging as the predominant genotype combination, followed by G2P[4], G12P[8], and G1P[8]. The introduction of the rotavirus vaccine was associated with a reduction in the burden of rotavirus-associated diarrhea in South Africa, although not without regional fluctuation. The observed changing patterns of genotype distribution highlights the need for ongoing surveillance to monitor the disease trend and to identify any potential effects associated with the dynamics of genotype changes on vaccine pressure/failure.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Prevalence, Pattern and Genetic Diversity of Rotaviruses among Children under 5 Years of Age with Acute Gastroenteritis in South Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Omatola

Ogunsakin

Olaniran

2021

Viruses

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“…By the end of 2014, more than 70 countries had introduced the rotavirus vaccine into their routine childhood immunization programs [1]. Effectiveness of rotavirus vaccines against hospitalizations and severe diarrhea in Latin American children has been approximately 70%, with notable reductions in mortality rates in Brazil, Mexico, and Panama where the vaccination coverage was >80% [17]. Until recently, Costa Rica and Belize were the only two countries in Central America without universal rotavirus vaccination [18,19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonality of Rotavirus Hospitalizations at Costa Rica’s National Children’s Hospital in 2010–2015

Ureña-Castro

Ávila

Gutierrez

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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Rotavirus is a leading cause of acute diarrhea in children worldwide. Costa Rica recently started universal rotavirus vaccinations for infants with a two-dose schedule in February 2019. We aimed to study the seasonality of rotavirus during the pre-vaccination era. We retrospectively studied a six-year period of hospital admissions due to rotavirus gastroenteritis. We estimated seasonal peak timing and relative intensities using trend-adjusted negative binomial regression models with the δ-method. We assessed the relationship between rotavirus cases and weather characteristics and estimated their effects for the current month, one-month prior and two months prior, by using Pearson correlation coefficients. A total of 798 cases were analyzed. Rotavirus cases predominated in the first five months of the year. On average, the peak of admissions occurred between late-February and early-March. During the seasonal peaks, the monthly count tended to increase 2.5–2.75 times above the seasonal nadir. We found the strongest negative association of monthly hospitalizations and joint percentiles of precipitation and minimal temperature at a lag of two months (R = −0.265, p = 0.027) and we detected correlations of −0.218, −0.223, and −0.226 (p < 0.05 for all three estimates) between monthly cases and the percentile of precipitation at lags 0, 1, and 2 months. In the warm tropical climate of Costa Rica, the increase in rotavirus hospitalizations coincided with dry and cold weather conditions with a two-month lag. The findings serve as the base for predictive modeling and estimation of the impact of a nation-wide vaccination campaign on pediatric rotaviral infection morbidity.

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“…These findings correspond with the trends observed from other Latin American countries such as Brazil and Panama which were also early in their implementation of a national rotavirus vaccination program. 45,46 In Mexico, G9, a strain fully heterotypic from the vaccine strain, has emerged as an important serotype causing severe rotavirus gastroenteritis. 11,47 We identified one study that showed high vaccine effectiveness (94%) against laboratory-confirmed G9P [4] rotavirus infection, 43 indicating that the strain predominance in Mexico was unrelated to vaccine pressure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

15-year experience with rotavirus vaccination in Mexico: a systematic literature review

Guzmán-Holst

Ortega-Barrı́a

Flores

et al. 2021

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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A systematic review was conducted in Mexico to consolidate and evaluate evidence after 15 years of rotavirus vaccination, according to the National Immunization Program. Five databases were screened to identify published articles (January 2000-February 2020) with evidence on all clinical and epidemiological endpoints (e.g. immunogenicity, safety, efficacy, impact/effectiveness) of rotavirus vaccination in Mexico. Twenty-two articles were identified (observational studies including health-economic models: 17; randomized controlled trials: 5). Fourteen studies evaluated a human attenuated vaccine (HRV), four studies evaluated both vaccines, and only two evaluated a bovine-human reassortant vaccine, with local efficacy data only for HRV. Local evidence shows vaccines are safe, immunogenic, efficacious, and provide an acceptable risk-benefit profile. The benefits of both vaccines in alleviating the burden of all-cause diarrhea mortality and morbidity are documented in several local post-licensure studies. Findings signify overall benefits of rotavirus vaccination and support the continued use of rotavirus vaccine in Mexico.

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Rotavirus in Latin America: Current Situation and Perspectives

Cited by 8 publications

References 17 publications

Prevalence, Pattern and Genetic Diversity of Rotaviruses among Children under 5 Years of Age with Acute Gastroenteritis in South Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Prevalence, Pattern and Genetic Diversity of Rotaviruses among Children under 5 Years of Age with Acute Gastroenteritis in South Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Seasonality of Rotavirus Hospitalizations at Costa Rica’s National Children’s Hospital in 2010–2015

15-year experience with rotavirus vaccination in Mexico: a systematic literature review

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