Rosetting revisited: a critical look at the evidence for host erythrocyte receptors inPlasmodium falciparumrosetting

Abstract

Malaria remains a major cause of mortality in African children, with no adjunctive treatments currently available to ameliorate the severe clinical forms of the disease. Rosetting, the adhesion of infected erythrocytes (IEs) to uninfected erythrocytes, is a parasite phenotype strongly associated with severe malaria, and hence is a potential therapeutic target. However, the molecular mechanisms of rosetting are complex and involve multiple distinct receptor–ligand interactions, with some similarities to the diverse pathways involved in P. falciparum erythrocyte invasion. This review summarizes the current understanding of the molecular interactions that lead to rosette formation, with a particular focus on host uninfected erythrocyte receptors including the A and B blood group trisaccharides, complement receptor one, heparan sulphate, glycophorin A and glycophorin C. There is strong evidence supporting blood group A trisaccharides as rosetting receptors, but evidence for other molecules is incomplete and requires further study. It is likely that additional host erythrocyte rosetting receptors remain to be discovered. A rosette-disrupting low anti-coagulant heparin derivative is being investigated as an adjunctive therapy for severe malaria, and further research into the receptor–ligand interactions underlying rosetting may reveal additional therapeutic approaches to reduce the unacceptably high mortality rate of severe malaria.

Molecular Detection of Selected Pathogens with Zoonotic Potential in Deer Keds (Lipoptena fortisetosa)

“…[ 34 ]. Trypanosome DNA was detected in 20% of L. cervi and in 48.64% of L. fortisetosa [ 35 ]. Deer keds harbored genetic material of Anaplasma spp.…”

In vitro selection for adhesion of Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes to ABO antigens does not affect PfEMP1 and RIFIN expression

“…Blood group O erythrocytes can form rosettes around IEs, but they tend to be smaller and weaker than rosettes involving A, B, or AB erythrocytes 20 , 40 . Several erythrocyte antigens have been implicated as receptors in rosetting 41 , and the most parsimonious explanation for our inability to select IEs for adhesion to the H antigen that defines blood group O is that the receptor mediating rosetting of blood group O erythrocytes is not the H antigen.…”

Possibilities for IPM Strategies in European Laying Hen Farms for Improved Control of the Poultry Red Mite (Dermanyssus gallinae): Details and State of Affairs

“…Interestingly, CO 2 is attractive in the dark but induces the mite to freeze in the light, a behavior which apparently allows D. gallinae to avoid being eaten by its host ( 122 ). Dermanyssus gallinae is also attracted by host-specific pheromones, emitted by the hens ( 123 ). A cocktail of five volatile compounds among the dozens of compounds naturally emitted by hens has been patented for its attraction demonstrated under controlled conditions in the laboratory ( 124 ).…”

“…Certain plant-based food or drinking water supplements exist for increasing or sustaining the hens health and natural resistance, which also have an effect on the odor of the hen, rendering it less attractive for the mites, and as such working as a repellent ( 123 ). This can be beneficial as mites will feed less, and starved mites seem to be more susceptible to acaricides and possibly also to desiccants ( 128 ).…”