Root development of container-reared, nursery-grown, and naturally regenerated pine seedlings

Nichols, Thomas J.; Alm, A. A.

doi:10.1139/x83-033

Cited by 33 publications

(29 citation statements)

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“…In general, jack pine trees from plantations have inferior form compared to those from natural stands. Furthermore, a number of jack pine plantations established in Ontario and neighbouring jurisdictions since the 1960s produced trees with some degree of stem deformation (e.g., sweep and crook; Armson 1977, Heikurinen 1977, Segaran et al 1978, Nichols and Alm 1983, Beaudoin 1993. Traditionally, this species has been managed for maximum volume, but wood quality for lumber and paper manufacturing is not constant among each unit volume of wood grown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of initial spacing and precommercial thinning on jack pine tree growth and stem quality

Tong¹,

Zhang²

2005

The Forestry Chronicle

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The objective of this paper was to investigate the impact of initial spacing and pre-commercial thinning (PCT) on tree growth, characteristics and stem quality in plantation-grown jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) after 58 years of growth. Four spacings including three initial spacings without PCT treatment, i.e., 1.52 ϫ 1.52 m (5 ϫ 5 ft), 2.13 ϫ 2.13 m (7 ϫ 7 ft) and 2.74 ϫ 2.74 m (9 ϫ 9 ft) and one initial spacing with PCT treatment (5 ϫ 5 ft thinned to 7 ϫ 7 ft at age 14), were chosen to analyze diameter at breast height (DBH) distribution, survival, and various tree and stem quality characteristics (e.g., DBH, total tree height, stem volume, crown size, branch, taper, sweep and wobbling). Tree mortality during the first 25 growth years was quite low for all four spacings, while after 25 years, survival for the four spacings rapidly declined. The decrease in survival for spacing 5 ϫ 5 was the steepest, followed by spacings 7 ϫ 7, 9 ϫ 9 and finally the PCT-treated stand. DBH distributions for all four spacings were significantly different from each other, and five years after PCT, the 5 ϫ 5 to 7 ϫ 7 spacings had a similar DBH distribution to that of the constant 7 ϫ 7 spacing. Mean DBHs differed significantly among the initial spacings. The 5 ϫ 5 spacing produced significantly smaller trees than did the other three spacings through the years, and the 9 ϫ 9 spacing produced significantly larger trees. PCT had positive effects on DBH growth, and yielded longer merchantable stems and better stem quality. PCT had little effect on crown development. Initial spacing significantly affected diameter growth, crown width and branch development, commercial stem length and volume, stem taper and stem deformation. Narrower spacing produced smaller but better quality stems. Spacing 7 ϫ 7 had the worst stem quality in terms of overall sweep and wave-like transversal deformation (wobbling). A narrow initial spacing followed by a PCT treatment may provide a compromise solution for both tree growth and stem quality.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of initial spacing and precommercial thinning on jack pine tree growth and stem quality

Tong¹,

Zhang²

2005

The Forestry Chronicle

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“…The impact of an unevenly spread and undistributed root system on the juvenile anchorage of a tree is well documented (Balisky et al, 1995;Lindgren and Ö rlander, 1978;Lindström and Håkansson, 1995). Deformed root systems can contribute to long-term tree growth problems in the landscape such as instability (Nichols and Alm, 1983), reduced shoot growth, tree decline, and mortality (Ortega et al, 2001(Ortega et al, , 2006. Tree survival and growth after outplanting are directly related to the ability of the root system to rapidly produce new roots that will grow into the surrounding soil; thus, plants are highly affected by initial shoot and root morphology (Paz, 2003;Schultz and Thompson, 1997;Tsakaldimi et al, 2005).…”

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confidence: 99%

Effect of Container Design on Plant Growth and Root Deformation of Littleleaf Linden and Field Elm

Amoroso¹,

Frangi²,

Piatti³

et al. 2010

horts

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This experiment investigated the effect of different container design on growth and root deformation of littleleaf linden (Tilia cordata Mill.) and field elm (Ulmus minor Mill.). The trial was carried out over two growing seasons (2008 to 2009). In April 2008, 1-year-old bare-root seedlings of the two species were potted in three types of 1-L containers: Superoots® Air-Cell™ (The Caledonian Tree Company, Pathhead, UK), Quadro fondo rete (Bamaplast, Massa e Cozzile, Italy), and smooth-sided containers. At the beginning of the second growing season, the same plants were repotted in the following 3-L containers: Superoots® Air-Pot™ (The Caledonian Tree Company), Quadro antispiralizzante (Bamaplast), and smooth-sided containers. At the end of each growing season, a subset of the plants from each container type was harvested to determine shoot and root dry mass and root deformation (by dry weight of root deformed mass relative to the whole root mass). Chlorophyll fluorescence and leaf chlorophyll content were measured during the second growing season. For both species, at the end of first growing season, the poorest root architecture was observed in the smooth-sided containers, whereas Superoots® Air-Cell™ and Quadro fondo rete both reduced the percentage of deformed root mass. At the end of the second growing season, plants of both species grown in Superoots® Air-Pot™ showed less deformed root mass, whereas Quadro antispiralizzante provided good results only in littleleaf linden. A reduction of field elm root biomass and littleleaf linden shoot biomass was observed at the end of the trial in plants grown in Superoots® Air-Pot®. Plants grown in these containers showed less leaf chlorophyll content compared with plants grown in smooth-sided containers at the end of the second year.

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“…A serious problem with transplanting container-grown trees is poor root development (i.e., circled, matted, and kinked roots), which is associated with increased tree mortality (Nichols and Alm, 1983). A water based latex paint containing cupric hydroxide [Cu(OH) 2 ] has been used in commercial nurseries to treat the interior surface of containers and successfully reduce root spiraling in several tree species (Ruter, 1994).…”

Section: Copper Compounds In Containersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Container Production of Pawpaw Seedlings

Pomper¹,

Layne²,

Jones³

2003

horttech

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Pawpaw (Asimina triloba) is a native North American tree that has potential as a new fruit crop or for use in landscapes, but until recently, little information has been available to nurseries on containerized production of this species. Pawpaw seedlings develop a strong taproot with a fragile root system, which can be easily damaged upon digging; therefore, most nurseries propagate trees in containers. Pawpaw seed requires stratification for optimal germination and seed is sensitive to desiccation. The seed also cannot tolerate freezing temperatures [<-15 °C (5.0 °F)]. A well-aerated potting substrate with a high sphagnum peat moss component (>75% by volume), cation exchange capacity, and water holding capacity can be used effectively in container production. Tall containers should be used to accommodate the developing taproot of seedlings. The slow-release fertilizer Osmocote 14-14-14 (14N-6.1P-11.6K) incorporated into Pro-Mix BX potting substrate can be used effectively as the sole fertilizer source at a treatment rate of 2.22 kg·m-3 (3.742 lb/yard3) in containerized pawpaw production. It can also be used at a lower rate of 0.81 kg·m-3 (1.365 lb/yard3) when supplemented with weekly applications of 500 mg·L-1 (ppm) of Peters 20-20-20 (20N-8.78P-16.6K) liquid-feed fertilizer. Bottom heating [32 °C (89.6 °F)] of container-grown pawpaw seedlings results in greater lateral and total root dry weight than in seedlings grown at ambient temperature [24 °C (75.2 °F)], which could increase the rate of establishment of seedlings in the field. Bottom heating of container-grown pawpaw seedlings could decrease both the time to produce a saleable plant and the cost of heating greenhouses. Growth of containerized pawpaw seedlings is enhanced by low to moderate shading with polypropylene shade fabric (28% or 51%) outdoors and low shading (33%) in the greenhouse, in a manner typical of that reported for other shade-preferring plants. Low to moderate shading of pawpaw seedlings grown outdoors greatly increases leaf number, total leaf area, and total plant dry weight compared to nonshaded seedlings, suggesting that commercial nurseries can improve production of containerized pawpaw seedlings using a shading regime outdoors.

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Root development of container-reared, nursery-grown, and naturally regenerated pine seedlings

Cited by 33 publications

References 0 publications

Impact of initial spacing and precommercial thinning on jack pine tree growth and stem quality

Impact of initial spacing and precommercial thinning on jack pine tree growth and stem quality

Effect of Container Design on Plant Growth and Root Deformation of Littleleaf Linden and Field Elm

Container Production of Pawpaw Seedlings

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