Room‐Temperature‐Formed PEDOT:PSS Hydrogels Enable Injectable, Soft, and Healable Organic Bioelectronics

Zhang, Shiming; Chen, Yihang; Líu, Hao; Wang, Zitong; Ling, Haonan; Wang, Changsheng; Ni, Jiahua; Çelebi‐Saltik, Betül; Wang, Xiaochen; Meng, Xiang; Kim, Hanjun; Baidya, Avijit; Ahadian, Samad; Ashammakhi, Nureddin; Dokmeci, Mehmet R.; Travaš-Sejdić, Jadranka; Khademhosseini, Ali

doi:10.1002/adma.201904752

Cited by 187 publications

(208 citation statements)

References 39 publications

(56 reference statements)

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“…This finding is crucial for modifying the PEDOT:PSS film's properties for various applications, like transparent hole transport layer in the field of solar cells, [ 32–34 ] neuromorphic functional materials, [ 35,36 ] and bio‐sensing. [ 37,38 ]…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of the Processing Solvent on the Electrical Conductivity of PEDOT:PSS

Dong

Portale

2020

Adv Materials Inter

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addition, solvent-thermal post-treatment, organic-inorganic blending, and even film stretching. [1] Different compounds like polar solvents, salt, strong acids, ionic liquids, carbon nanotube, e.g., were utilized as additives, post-treatment agents, or blending components. For example, Saxena et al. post-treated pristine PEDOT:PSS films with various ionic liquids to induce an increased π-π stacking between PEDOT molecules. [4] 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetracyanoborate (EMIM TCB) treated films exhibited a record short π-π stacking distance of 3.35 Å due to an enormous bonding effect of TCB to PEDOT and EMIM to PSS and subsequent phase separation. Fan et al. reported an impressive electrical conductivity of 3088 S cm −1 after the exposure of PEDOT:PSS:5% DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) films with sulfuric acid. [3] Worfolk et al. reported solution sheared PEDOT:PSS films further posttreated with methanol with extremely high conductivity of 4600 S cm −1. [2] Among various strategies, polar solvents addition and post-treatment are among the most used and most efficient ways to improve PEDOT:PSS electrical conductivity. [1,5-8] Both processes can induce different effects on PEDOT:PSS thin films, such as π-π stacking distance shortening (i.e., increased π-π orbital overlap), alteration of the crystallite orientation (face-on vs edge-on), overall crystallinity increase, PSS removal, and phase separation. [9,10] Polar solvents with high dielectric constants and high boiling points are common additives and post-treatment agents, especially DMSO and EG (ethylene glycol). In 2002, Kim et al. reported for the first time about the use of DMSO as an additive to dramatically increased the conductivity of PEDOT:PSS thin films (about two orders of magnitude higher at room temperature), and since then polar solvents got more and more attention from the research field. [11,12] Pipe et al. reported a promising thermoelectric property for PEDOT:PSS by EG dip treatment following pre-doping PEDOT:PSS nanofilms with DMSO or EG. [13] The DMSO and EG pre-doped films exhibited σ > 600 S cm −1. After dipping them into an EG bath, conductivities up to 1000 S cm −1 were obtained, which were three orders of magnitude higher than pristine PEDOT:PSS. The effective improvement was mainly attributed to the selective removal of excessive PSS. Palumbiny et al. observed that the in-plane electrical conductivity of PEDOT:PSS increased from 0.2 to 1200 S cm −1 upon EG treatment. The authors drew the emphasis on the formation of larger PEDOT crystallites with more pronounced Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is one of the most studied conductive polymers, holding great potential in many applications such as thermoelectric generators, solar cells, and memristors. Great efforts have been invested in trying to improve its mechanical and electrical properties and to elucidate the structure-property relationship. In this work, a systematic and quantitative study of the effect of solvent polarity and solution processing on the f...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of the Processing Solvent on the Electrical Conductivity of PEDOT:PSS

Dong

Portale

2020

Adv Materials Inter

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“…PEDOT:PSS is selected because of its solution processability, high conductivity, and transparency. [14,[43][44][45][46][47][48] PDMS is employed because of its biocompatible compliance with human tissue, solution-processability, and much lower Young's modulus than that of the widely used substrate, polyethylene terephthalate (E, ≈2.7 GPa). [49,50] GelMA is used as the core dielectric layer, and is made into pyramidal structures to improve the pressure sensitivity.…”

Section: Enabling All Solution-processed Pressure Sensors With Microsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gelatin Methacryloyl‐Based Tactile Sensors for Medical Wearables

Zhang

Chen

et al. 2020

Adv Funct Materials

Self Cite

138

106

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Gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) is a widely used hydrogel with skin-derived gelatin acting as the main constituent. However, GelMA has not been used in the development of wearable biosensors, which are emerging devices that enable personalized healthcare monitoring. This work highlights the potential of GelMA for wearable biosensing applications by demonstrating a fully solution-processable and transparent capacitive tactile sensor with microstructured GelMA as the core dielectric layer. A robust chemical bonding and a reliable encapsulation approach are introduced to overcome detachment and water-evaporation issues in hydrogel biosensors. The resultant GelMA tactile sensor shows a highpressure sensitivity of 0.19 kPa −1 and one order of magnitude lower limit of detection (0.1 Pa) compared to previous hydrogel pressure sensors owing to its excellent mechanical and electrical properties (dielectric constant). Furthermore, it shows durability up to 3000 test cycles because of tough chemical bonding, and long-term stability of 3 days due to the inclusion of an encapsulation layer, which prevents water evaporation (80% water content). Successful monitoring of various human physiological and motion signals demonstrates the potential of these GelMA tactile sensors for wearable biosensing applications.

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“…To solve the foregoing problems, various research investigations on self-healable electronic devices have been recently investigated in soft electronics and robotics. There are two main strategies to fabricating highly self-healing electrochemical devices: (1) adopting dynamic reversible chemical bonds into conductive polymers; (2) the introduction of composites of polymers and capsules along with healing agents [100,101] Consequently, self-healing polymers heal cracks that could lead to electrochemical performance degradation by reversible chemical bonds [102,103], ligand-metal bonding [104], host-guest interaction [105,106], and hydrogen bonding [107,108]. In the pioneering work of Zhao et al [109], self-healable electrodes are fabricated by introducing self-healing polymer with aligned CNT and gel electrolyte.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Free-Form and Deformable Energy Storage as a Forerunner to Next-Generation Smart Electronics

et al. 2020

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Planar and rigid conventional electronics are intrinsically incompatible with curvilinear and deformable devices. The recent development of organic and inorganic flexible and stretchable electronics enables the production of various applications, such as soft robots, flexible displays, wearable electronics, electronic skins, bendable phones, and implantable medical devices. To power these devices, persistent efforts have thus been expended to develop a flexible energy storage system that can be ideally deformed while maintaining its electrochemical performance. In this review, the enabling technologies of the electrochemical and mechanical performances of flexible devices are summarized. The investigations demonstrate the improvement of electrochemical performance via the adoption of new materials and alternative reactions. Moreover, the strategies used to develop novel materials and distinct design configurations are introduced in the following sections.

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Room‐Temperature‐Formed PEDOT:PSS Hydrogels Enable Injectable, Soft, and Healable Organic Bioelectronics

Cited by 187 publications

References 39 publications

Role of the Processing Solvent on the Electrical Conductivity of PEDOT:PSS

Role of the Processing Solvent on the Electrical Conductivity of PEDOT:PSS

Gelatin Methacryloyl‐Based Tactile Sensors for Medical Wearables

Free-Form and Deformable Energy Storage as a Forerunner to Next-Generation Smart Electronics

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