The trafficking of AMPA receptors (Rs) to and from synaptic membranes is a key component underlying synaptic plasticity mechanisms such as long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD), and is likely important for synaptic development in embryonic organisms. However, some of the key biochemical components required for receptor trafficking in embryos are still unknown. Here, we report that in embryonic zebrafish, the activation of PKC␥ by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, strongly potentiates the amplitude of AMPAR-mediated miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (AMPA-mEPSCs) via a N-ethylmaleimidesensitive fusion (NSF) and protein interacting with C-kinase-1 (PICK1)-dependent process. We found that the mEPSC potentiation is DAG-and Ca 2؉ -dependent, and occurs on application of active PKC␥. Peptides that prevent the association of NSF and PICK1 with the GluR2 subunit, and the actin-polymerization blocker, latrunculin B, prevented the increase in mEPSC amplitude. Also, application of tetanus toxin (TeTx), which cleaves SNARE proteins, also blocked the increase in mEPSC amplitude. Last, application of a 5 mM K ؉ medium led to an enhancement in mEPSC amplitude that was prevented by addition of the PKC␥ and NSF-blocking peptides, and the NMDA receptor blocker, 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV). Thus, activation of PKC␥ is necessary for the activitydependent trafficking of AMPARs in embryonic zebrafish. This process is NMDA and SNARE-dependent and requires AMPARs to associate with both NSF and PICK1. The present data further our understanding of AMPAR trafficking, and have important implications for synaptic development and synaptic plasticity.Mauthner neuron ͉ glutamate ͉ NMDA ͉ synapse ͉ development A MPA receptors (Rs) mediate fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the CNS, and have critical roles in neuronal formation and synaptic plasticity (1, 2). They are heterotetrameric cation channels composed of glutamate receptor subunits 1-4 (GluR 1-4) with varying stoichiometries (3). Synaptic transmission at central glutamatergic synapses is enhanced by several factors including modulation by enzymes such as protein kinase A (PKA), calcium-calmodulin kinase (CaMK), tyrosine kinase (TyK), and PKC (4-6). This enhancement in synaptic transmission occurs via modulation of postsynaptic AMPA receptor activity, but more recently has been shown to occur via trafficking of AMPARs to and from synaptic membranes (7-9).AMPAR phosphorylation by PKC is involved in various forms of synaptic plasticity (10-12). For example, PKC phosphorylation of ser880 on the GluR2 subunit is critical for the expression of long-term synaptic depression (LTD) in hippocampal CA1 and pyramidal neurons (7, 13). Also, PKM phosphorylation of GluR2 has been shown to maintain a stable enhancement of synaptic transmission by increasing the number of functional postsynaptic AMPARs through trafficking mechanisms (8, 9). Regulation of the dynamic movement of AMPARs into and out of synaptic membranes requires interactions between AMPAR subu...