Role of Familial, Environmental and Occupational Factors in the Development of Parkinson’s Disease

Das, Krishnapada; Ghosh, Mrinalkanti; Nag, Chiranjib; Nandy, Sankar P; Banerjee, Mousumi; Datta, Monotosh; Devi, G. Parimala; Chaterjee, Gopaldeb

doi:10.1159/000323797

Cited by 25 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Between-study variance of RRs was lowest for fungicide use, independent of study classification, and greatest for insecticide use, rural living and paraquat use ( Table 4 ). For insecticide use, the Tier 2 study by Das et al [ 58 ] was an “outlier” study that contributed the most to the Tier 2 between-study heterogeneity; removal of this study resulted in a 49 percent reduction in τ 2 from 0.57 to 0.29. As another example, the Tier 2 study by Liou et al [ 59 ] contributed the most to the Tier 2 between-study variability for paraquat; when this study was removed, τ 2 was reduced almost 10-fold, from 0.24 to 0.03.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Association between Parkinson’s Disease and Cigarette Smoking, Rural Living, Well-Water Consumption, Farming and Pesticide Use: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

et al. 2016

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ObjectiveBradford Hill’s viewpoints were used to conduct a weight-of-the-evidence assessment of the association between Parkinson’s disease (PD) and rural living, farming and pesticide use. The results were compared with an assessment based upon meta-analysis. For comparison, we also evaluated the association between PD and cigarette smoking as a “positive control” because a strong inverse association has been described consistently in the literature.MethodsPubMed was searched systematically to identify all published epidemiological studies that evaluated associations between Parkinson’s disease (PD) and cigarette smoking, rural living, well-water consumption, farming and the use of pesticides, herbicides, insecticides, fungicides or paraquat. Studies were categorized into two study quality groups (Tier 1 or Tier 2); data were abstracted and a forest plot of relative risks (RRs) was developed for each risk factor. In addition, when available, RRs were tabulated for more highly exposed individuals compared with the unexposed. Summary RRs for each risk factor were calculated by meta-analysis of Tier 1, Tier 2 and all studies combined, with sensitivity analyses stratified by other study characteristics. Indices of between-study heterogeneity and evidence of reporting bias were assessed. Bradford Hill’s viewpoints were used to determine if a causal relationship between PD and each risk factor was supported by the weight of the evidence.FindingsThere was a consistent inverse (negative) association between current cigarette smoking and PD risk. In contrast, associations between PD and rural living, well-water consumption, farming and the use of pesticides, herbicides, insecticides, fungicides or paraquat were less consistent when assessed quantitatively or qualitatively.ConclusionThe weight of the evidence and meta-analysis support the conclusion that there is a causal relationship between PD risk and cigarette smoking, or some unknown factor correlated with cigarette smoking. There may be risk factors associated with rural living, farming, pesticide use or well-water consumption that are causally related to PD, but the studies to date have not identified such factors. To overcome the limitations of research in this area, future studies will have to better characterize the onset of PD and its relationship to rural living, farming and exposure to pesticides.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…RR = relative risk, LCL = lower limit of the 95% confidence interval, UCL = upper limit of the 95% confidence interval. Citations for studies appearing in this figure can be found here: [ 55 , 58 , 80 , 81 , 92 , 102 , 104 , 114 , 115 , 119 , 121 , 122 , 132 , 135 , 137 , 143 , 155 – 158 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between Parkinson’s Disease and Cigarette Smoking, Rural Living, Well-Water Consumption, Farming and Pesticide Use: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

et al. 2016

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“…) . Twelve articles were excluded because they either did not contain data on head injury or did not provide adequate definitions of head injury or adequate diagnostic criteria for PD . Twenty‐two studies (19 case–control studies, 2 nested case–control studies, and 1 cohort study) were included in both the systematic review and the meta‐analysis (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Head injury and risk of Parkinson disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

et al. 2013

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Head trauma has been implicated in the etiopathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). We performed a meta-analysis to investigate the association between head trauma and the risk of developing PD. We included observational studies if they (1) clearly defined PD, (2) defined head trauma leading to concussion, and (3) presented odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) or provided data to compute these statistics. Random effect model was used to estimate the pooled, adjusted OR. Heterogeneity between studies was evaluated with the Q test and the I(2) statistic. We conducted a sensitivity analysis to assess the influence of each study and repeated the analysis by excluding the studies with the largest weights. We used funnel plot to assess the presence of publication bias. After reviewing more than 636 article titles, 34 articles were selected for full review. In total, 22 studies (19 case-control studies, 2 nested case-control studies, and 1 cohort study) were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled OR for the association of PD and head trauma was 1.57 (95% CI, 1.35-1.83). The results of our meta-analysis indicate that a history of head trauma that results in concussion is associated with a higher risk of developing PD. © 2013 Movement Disorder Society.

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“…Another 46 relevant publications [3,9,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98] not fulfilling good scientific standards regarding the exposures under study are summarized in Table 2.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Occupational Exposures: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analyses

Gunnarsson

Bodin

2018

IJERPH

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Objectives: We conducted a systematic literature review to identify studies fulfilling good scientific epidemiological standards for use in meta-analyses of occupational risk factors for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Methods: We identified 79 original publications on associations between work and ALS. The MOOSE (Meta-analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) and GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations) guidelines were used to ensure high scientific quality, and reliable protocols were applied to classify the articles. Thirty-seven articles fulfilled good scientific standards, while 42 were methodologically deficient and thus were excluded from our meta-analyses. Results: The weighted relative risks for the various occupational exposures were respectively; 1.29 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.97–1.72; six articles) for heavy physical work, 3.98 (95% CI: 2.04–7.77; three articles) for professional sports, 1.45 (95% CI: 1.07–1.96; six articles) for metals, 1.19 (95% CI: 1.07–1.33; 10 articles) for chemicals, 1.18 (95% CI: 1.07–1.31; 16 articles) for electromagnetic fields or working with electricity, and 1.18 (95% CI: 1.05–1.34; four articles) for working as a nurse or physician. Conclusions: Meta-analyses based only on epidemiologic publications of good scientific quality show that the risk of ALS is statistically significantly elevated for occupational exposures to excessive physical work, chemicals (especially pesticides), metals (especially lead), and possibly also to electromagnetic fields and health care work. These results are not explained by publication bias.

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Role of Familial, Environmental and Occupational Factors in the Development of Parkinson’s Disease

Cited by 25 publications

References 42 publications

Association between Parkinson’s Disease and Cigarette Smoking, Rural Living, Well-Water Consumption, Farming and Pesticide Use: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Association between Parkinson’s Disease and Cigarette Smoking, Rural Living, Well-Water Consumption, Farming and Pesticide Use: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Head injury and risk of Parkinson disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Occupational Exposures: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analyses

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