Role of cyst germination in the bloom initiation of Alexandrium tamarense (Dinophyceae) in Masan Bay, Korea

Kim, Young Ok; Park, Myung Hwan; Han, Myung-Soo

doi:10.3354/ame029279

Cited by 54 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Although fewer studies have examined the effect of nutrient limitation on excystment or life cycles of dinoflagellates (Steidinger & Haddad 1981), Rengefors & Anderson (1998) showed that N-and P-free medium had little effect on the germination of Ceratium hirundinella. This is consistent with our previous finding (Kim et al 2002) that nutrient depletion may affect encystment but not excystment in Alexandrium tamaraense. Collectively, these findings indicate that water temperature and light intensity were significant factors mediating cyst germination of P. bipes in Juam Reservoir during the study period, but that pH and nutrients were not important.…”

Section: Effects Of Environmental Conditions On In Vitro Excystment Osupporting

confidence: 94%

Excystment patterns of the freshwater dinoflagellate Peridinium bipes (Dinophyceae) in Juam Reservoir, Korea

Kim¹,

Park²,

Hwang³

et al. 2007

Aquat. Microb. Ecol.

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Monthly variations in cyst abundance and germination were tracked, and the effects of environmental factors (water temperature, pH, light and nutrients) on cyst germination were measured in the laboratory under ambient field conditions. During the bloom period, the cyst abundance of P. bipes in sediment samples fluctuated from 4 to 427 cells g -1 (wet weight), and did not show season-dependent variation. During the same period, the number of vegetative cells of P. bipes in water samples varied from 0 to 9.79 × 10 2 ml -1. Laboratory experiments revealed a maximum germination rate at 15.6°C, and effective germination was observed at the naturally occurring pH values of 6 to 8, but not at pH 9. Cysts obtained from samples collected at higher temperatures (over 15°C) germinated more quickly than those seeded at lower temperatures, while cysts collected in fall and early winter had a higher cumulative excystment rate than those collected in spring and summer, suggesting that cysts deposited at higher temperatures may act as a seed population for the winter blooms. These findings collectively indicate that germination of P. bipes was mainly affected by water temperature and light intensity, and not nutrient levels and pH, and further show that the bloom of P. bipes observed in Juam Reservoir was likely promoted by the presence of sufficient nutrients, relatively high excystment rates and active growth occurring under low temperature conditions. KEY WORDS: Cyst germination · Dinoflagellates · Environment · Freshwater red-tide · Peridinium bipesResale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher Aquat Microb Ecol 47: 213-221, 2007 shown that dinoflagellate encystment can be triggered by various biotic and abiotic factors, including predation by zooplankton and fish (Burkholder & Glasgow 1995), changes in light, dissolved oxygen, temperature and nutrients (Chapman & Pfiester 1995, Perez et al. 1998, Rengefors & Anderson 1998, Kremp & Anderson 2000. To date, although 2 previous studies on P. bipes f. oculatum have examined the effects of environment on excystment (Park & Hayashi 1992, 1993, there is no general consensus on the process in P. bipes, due perhaps to contradictions arising from differences in species, localities and experimental methods.Peridinium bipes may be divided into several intraspecific taxa, including P. bipes var. excisum Lef., P. bipes f. globosum Lef., and P. bipes f. oculatum (Elster & Ohle 1968). P. bipes populations that we worked with differed from previously studied P. bipes f. oculatum in that, while both have the apical pore complex specific to the P. bipes group (Stein 1883, Abé 1981), individuals we examined had 2 short spines on the ventral area of the antapical plates, while P. bipes f. oculatum does not. P. bipes cysts collected from Juam Reservoir were ovoid or spherical in shape (30 to 60 µm diameter), and bore oval or rod-shaped red spots (5 µm wide, 15 µm long). Notably, these cysts were aggregated with mucilaginous particles and debris, so that the sa...

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Section: Effects Of Environmental Conditions On In Vitro Excystment Osupporting

confidence: 94%

Excystment patterns of the freshwater dinoflagellate Peridinium bipes (Dinophyceae) in Juam Reservoir, Korea

Kim¹,

Park²,

Hwang³

et al. 2007

Aquat. Microb. Ecol.

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“…A. tamarense in the temperate zone is mainly distributed in low temperature waters of 7 to 15°C (Fukuyo 1982, Taylor 1984, Yamamoto et al 1995, Mendez et al 1996. The germination temperature may vary, but was < 8°C in this study (Kim et al 2002), and the upper-end temperature for a bloom to occur was higher at 18°C. Spring germination rates were > 50% at water temperatures between 10.0 and 16.5°C, with an average germination time of 10 d, but sharply dropped or were nil at higher temperatures in Hiroshima Bay, Japan (Itakura & Yamaguchi 2001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Aquat Microb Ecol 33: [271][272][273][274][275][276][277][278] 2003 ogy, toxicity, cysts, and physiology of A. tamarense have been made (Lee 1990, Kim et al 1993, Lee et al 2000, Kim et al 2002.…”

Section: Resale or Republication Not Permitted Without Written Consenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Occurrence of Alexandrium tamarense in Chinhae Bay was first reported in March 1989 (Han et al 1992), although the presence of the PSP toxin in shellfish was reported earlier (Jeon et al 1988). Spring cell-density of A. tamarense has since been on the rise, and subsequent studies on morphol-ogy, toxicity, cysts, and physiology of A. tamarense have been made (Lee 1990, Kim et al 1993, Lee et al 2000, Kim et al 2002.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spring bloom of Alexandrium tamarense in Chinhae Bay, Korea

Lee¹,

Choi²,

Han³

2003

Aquat. Microb. Ecol.

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Chinhae Bay, one of the most eutrophic coastal embayments in Korea, is known for recurring red-tide blooms. To understand bloom development of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense, weekly sampling was carried out from March to May of 1996 and 1997 in 2 regions, reflecting different flow regimes: one region (2 sites) was more susceptible to the influence of freshwater discharge than the other (2 sites). Nutrient concentrations remained high at nearly all depths throughout the study periods, suggesting that A. tamarense was not nutrient-limited for growth. A. tamarense cell density comprised < 5% of the total phytoplankton cell density at all times, in accordance with previous claims that this motile phytoplankton is unlikely to out-compete other spring bloom phytoplankton in high nutrient-level environments. The blooms occurred in a relatively wide temperature window (11 to 18°C SST), but in a narrow range of salinity (31 to 33 psu), and were associated with a stratified water column. Prolonged high temperature or reduced water column stability were ascribable for the demise of the blooms. In cases when blooms disappeared, even under favorable environmental conditions, life-cycle transition via sexual reproduction may have been responsible for their demise. Physical dilution processes, such as advection and dispersion, appeared to determine the magnitude of blooms, as supported by the occurrence of larger blooms and higher in situ growth rates in locations less subjected to the direct influence of river runoff or tidal currents. KEY WORDS: Alexandrium tamarense · Bloom dynamics · Chinhae Bay Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherAquat Microb Ecol 33: [271][272][273][274][275][276][277][278] 2003 ogy, toxicity, cysts, and physiology of A. tamarense have been made (Lee 1990, Kim et al. 1993, Lee et al. 2000, Kim et al. 2002.Little is known, however, of the factors affecting the initiation, development, and decline of Alexandrium tamarense in Chinhae Bay. We present spring population dynamics of A. tamarense in Chinhae Bay in 1996 and 1997, in an attempt to elucidate the relationship of A. tamarense dynamics to environmental variables (e.g. water temperature, salinity, water column stratification, and inorganic nutrients). MATERIALS AND METHODSSampling of waters and analysis. The 4 sampling sites in Chinhae Bay, Korea, were selected to represent 2 flow regimes (see also below), with 2 of the sites being affected by a greater influence of river discharge (Stn M1 in 1996 and Stn M2 in 1997) than the other 2 sites (Stn C1 in 1996 and Stn C2 in 1997) (Fig. 1). Within the M sites, Stn M2 was more directly influenced by river runoff and the discharge from an adjacent sewage treatment facility, located west of Stn M2, than Stn M1. Within the C sites, Stn C1 was more directly affected by tidal currents than Stn C2. The results from the 4 sampling sites, therefore, were treated quasi-independently.Weekly sampling was conducted at Stns M1 (13 m depth) and C1 (1...

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“…The second part of this study was focused on evaluating the potential effects of environmental factors on the emergence of P. piscicida dinospores from environmental sediments known to contain P. piscicida cysts. For several species of dinoflagellates, blooms are linked specifically to the germination of resting cysts (2,5,37,43), suggesting that "seed banks" of dinoflagellate cysts may play an important role in bloom initiation (63). Therefore, the specific detection distinguishing viable cysts from toxic dinoflagellate species in environmental sediments to map the location of natural seed banks is critical for anticipating harmful algal blooms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Biotic and Abiotic Factors on In Vitro Proliferation, Encystment, and Excystment of Pfiesteria piscicida

Saito

Drgon

Krupatkina

et al. 2007

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Pfiesteria spp. are mixotrophic armored dinoflagellates populating the Atlantic coastal waters of the United States. They have been a focus of intense research due to their reported association with several fish mortality events. We have now used a clonal culture of Pfiesteria piscicida and several new environmental isolates to describe growth characteristics, feeding, and factors contributing to the encystment and germination of the organism in both laboratory and environmental samples. We also discuss applied methods of detection of the different morphological forms of Pfiesteria in environmental samples. In summary, Pfiesteria, when grown with its algal prey, Rhodomonas sp., presents a typical growth curve with lag, exponential, and stationary phases, followed by encystment. The doubling time in exponential phase is about 12 h. The profiles of proliferation under a standard light cycle and in the dark were similar, although the peak cell densities were markedly lower when cells were grown in the dark. The addition of urea, chicken manure, and soil extracts did not enhance Pfiesteria proliferation, but crude unfiltered spent aquarium water did. Under conditions of food deprivation or cold (4°C), Pfiesteria readily formed harvestable cysts that were further analyzed by PCR and scanning electron microscopy. The germination of Pfiesteria cysts in environmental sediment was enhanced by the presence of live fish: dinospores could be detected 13 to 15 days earlier and reached 5-to 10-times-higher peak cell densities with live fish than with artificial seawater or f/2 medium alone. The addition of ammonia, urea, nitrate, phosphate, or surprisingly, spent fish aquarium water had no effect.Pfiesteria piscicida is a mixotrophic dinoflagellate that has been the subject of intense research due to its presumed association with massive fish kills and a novel toxic exposure syndrome consisting of characteristic skin lesions, respiratory problems, and short-term memory loss (9,32,36,40,53). In the Chesapeake Bay region, the increased frequency of fish lesions, mass mortalities in several estuarine and marine fish species, and human health problems reported during the summer of 1997 led to intense media coverage and closures of public waterways to both commercial and recreational use (http://www.dnr.state.md.us/Bay/cblife/algae/dino/pfiesteria /hilltest.html). Because the fish kills and detrimental effects on human health observed in the Chesapeake Bay estuary closely resembled those reported in North Carolina and attributed to P. piscicida blooms (17, 64), it appeared that P. piscicida might be responsible for events in the bay (47).Although the development of molecular approaches for the environmental detection of P. piscicida and related species (11,21,22,50,58,61,62,68) has contributed significantly to the accurate assessment of their geographic distributions, the limited information on the environmental factors that may trigger P. piscicida blooms has made them difficult to anticipate. Earlier studies for the development ...

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Role of cyst germination in the bloom initiation of Alexandrium tamarense (Dinophyceae) in Masan Bay, Korea

Cited by 54 publications

References 16 publications

Excystment patterns of the freshwater dinoflagellate Peridinium bipes (Dinophyceae) in Juam Reservoir, Korea

Excystment patterns of the freshwater dinoflagellate Peridinium bipes (Dinophyceae) in Juam Reservoir, Korea

Spring bloom of Alexandrium tamarense in Chinhae Bay, Korea

Effect of Biotic and Abiotic Factors on In Vitro Proliferation, Encystment, and Excystment of Pfiesteria piscicida

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