Role of cognitive enhancement in schizophrenia

Abstract

Schizophrenia is a severe and usually chronic psychiatric disorder characterized by dysfunction in many domains. Hallucinations, delusions, and behavioral disturbances are prominent symptoms of the illness, and are appropriately a focus for treatment, but less attention is given to the cognitive deficits that are also typically found in schizophrenia. Whilst impairments in learning, memory, and executive function have been recognized for many decades, deficits in more subtle aspects of cognition have been recognized more recently. These include biases in the evaluation of information and difficulties with emotional and social cognition. Cognitive deficits make a substantial contribution to real-world function, and improving cognition has the potential to improve social and vocational outcomes. This review provides an overview of potential treatments for cognitive deficits in schizophrenia, including medications, psychological therapies, and neurostimulation. Despite optimal medication and case management, many people with schizophrenia do not achieve full remission. There is sufficient evidence to encourage widespread adoption of at least some of the current cognitive enhancement strategies. However, individual patients differ in terms of their symptoms, patterns of cognitive dysfunction, medication response, and social and occupational situations. Considerable work is therefore needed to personalize cognitive remediation to maximize the benefits. However, at present, these methods are underutilized, even when applied in a universal manner where all subjects receive the same treatment. The barriers to wider availability of these treatments are discussed.

Neuropharmacological Effects of Terpenoids on Preclinical Animal Models of Psychiatric Disorders: A Review

“…Schizophrenia is a severe psychotic disorder characterized by continuous or relapsing episodes of psychosis. The diagnosis of schizophrenia is made based on a diverse set of characteristic signs and symptoms [ 92 , 93 ]. These signs and symptoms may vary, usually involving delusions, hallucinations, problems with thinking (cognition), or disorganized speech, and reflect an impaired ability to function and express emotion [ 94 ].…”