role of chlorine and chloramine in corrosion of lead‐bearing plumbing materials

Edwards, Marc; Dudi, Abhijeet

doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.2004.tb10724.x

Cited by 209 publications

(227 citation statements)

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“…The Pb−OH distances in Pb(OH) 2 The thermodynamics of reactions of Pb(III) species showed that they are susceptible to further oxidation to yield Pb(IV) complexes that can be considered as precursors of PbO 2 . ΔG 0 values corresponding to the oxidation of Pb(OH) 2 (H 2 O) 4 •+ and Pb(OH) 3 (H 2 O) 2 • by OH • radicals are −31.4 and −37.5 kcal/ mol, respectively (reactions 6 and 7, Table 1 4,5,16,17,19 Synthesis of EC and QC Data on Pb(III) Formation. EC data demonstrate that traces of PbO 2 nanoparticles deposited on the electrode after the first CV cycle initiate and catalyze the EC generation of OH • radicals, which by reacting preferentially with Pb(II) hydroxo complexes produce Pb(III) intermediates associated with Peak 1.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1−3 Both scrutinyite α-PbO 2 and plattnerite β-PbO 2 form via the oxidation by chlorine of Pb(II) solids including hydrocerussite Pb 3 (CO 3 ) 2 (OH) 2 , cerussite PbCO 3 , and massicot PbO 1,4−6 or via the oxidation of Pb(II) solutes. 6 Because PbO 2 has a very low solubility, its presence is deemed to be beneficial for lead release control.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Formation of Pb(III) Intermediates in the Electrochemically Controlled Pb(II)/PbO₂ System

Liu

Kuznetsov

Masliy

et al. 2012

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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The formation of lead dioxide PbO 2 , an important corrosion product in drinking water distribution systems with lead-bearing plumbing materials, has been hypothesized to involve Pb(III) intermediates, but their nature and formation mechanisms remain unexplored. This study employed the electrochemical (EC) method of rotating ring disk electrode (RRDE) and quantum chemical (QC) simulations to examine the generation of intermediates produced during the oxidation of Pb(II) to PbO 2 . RRDE data demonstrate that PbO 2 deposition and reduction involves at least two intermediates. One of them is a soluble Pb(III) species that undergoes further transformations to yield immobilized PbO 2 nanoparticles. The formation of this intermediate in EC system is mediated by hydroxyl radicals (OH • ), as was evidenced by the suppression of intermediates formation in the presence of the OH • scavenger para-chlorobenzoic acid. QC simulations confirmed that the oxidation of Pb(II) by OH • proceeds via Pb(III) species. These results show that Pb(III) intermediates play an important role in the reactions determining transitions between Pb(II) and Pb(IV) species and could impact lead release in drinking water.

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Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formation of Pb(III) Intermediates in the Electrochemically Controlled Pb(II)/PbO₂ System

Liu

Kuznetsov

Masliy

et al. 2012

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…Lead can react with free chlorine in water to produce a red-brown colored solid. It can also leach from brass piping when exposed to chloramines, other commonly used water disinfectants (15). Copper, on the other hand, has antibacterial and antiviral properties (16), but copper piping is not widely spread in Bulgaria.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Satisfaction of drinking water needs in villages of Stara Zagora municipality

Sandeva¹,

Gidikova²,

Deliradeva³

2015

TJS

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Supplying sufficient quantities of safe drinking water to citizens is one of the most important tasks of each country. According to national reports drinking water supplied to Bulgarian villages is not sufficiently controlled. PURPOSE: To determine whether the village residents of Stara Zagora municipality are satisfied with the quantity and quality of the supplied drinking water. METHODS: Households in 46 villages were interviewed for the study. RESULTS: The survey revealed that 87% of respondents believed they're getting enough water, but 63% were not satisfied with its quality. For 74% of the respondents water consumption corresponded to the national average (2-4 m 3 per person per month). The main complaints concerning water quality were of unpleasant taste, smell of chlorine and high hardness. Due to the poor quality of drinking water 80% of respondents reported that they occasionally had to buy bottled water. A worrying fact was that 41% used tap water for watering their garden, thus wasting drinking water resources. CONCLUSIONS: The village residents in Stara Zagora municipality are partly satisfied with the quality of drinking water. It is necessary, however, to take significant measures to strengthen the quality control performed by water supply companies and supervisory authorities, especially in view of the increased cases of heavy rains and floods in the recent months.

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“…Discovery of increased lead residual in WASA drinking water occurred in conjunction with the switch from chlorine to chloramines, as the primary disinfectant, in 2001 [3]. After exceeding the lead MCL from 2002 through 2004, WASA conducted full monitoring for lead and copper at customers' taps yearly [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring metals release and biological activity in decades old cast iron pipes subjected to a disinfectant change

Heberling¹,

Barron²

2012

WIT Transactions on the Built Environment

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In an attempt to anticipate future, stricter disinfection by-products (DBPs) regulation, the Birmingham Water Works Board (BWWB) investigated the feasibility of replacing the primary disinfectant chlorine with chloramines. The purpose of this study was to determine if chloramines usage may increase lead and other metal residuals, which increase metal concentrations above healthy limits. Other utilities have observed an apparent correlation between a disinfectant switch from chlorine to chloramines and increased lead and other metal residuals.A pipe rack was constructed with cast iron and lead piping and brass fixtures. The rack was designed to mimic a distribution system with twelve-hour flow (approximately 3000 gallons) and twelve-hour stagnation. The finished water was introduced to the pipe rack. Three corrosion inhibitors were tested before the introduction of chloramines to the pipe rack.During a 2.5-year period, the cast iron pipes were sampled weekly for an array of parameters to determine degree of metal leaching. The metals sampled for were iron (total and dissolved), lead (total and dissolved), copper, and aluminum. These metals are common constituents in pipe scale and, if present in sampled water, can indicate pipe corrosion. Increased iron corrosion can lead to "red water," which is aesthetically undesirable. In addition, stagnant water in the cast iron pipes was sampled for heterotrophic plate counts (HPC) to indicate biological activity.These parameters were selected to measure metals concentrations leaching into water and the potential corrosivity of the water itself.

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role of chlorine and chloramine in corrosion of lead‐bearing plumbing materials

Cited by 209 publications

References 21 publications

Formation of Pb(III) Intermediates in the Electrochemically Controlled Pb(II)/PbO₂ System

Formation of Pb(III) Intermediates in the Electrochemically Controlled Pb(II)/PbO₂ System

Satisfaction of drinking water needs in villages of Stara Zagora municipality

Measuring metals release and biological activity in decades old cast iron pipes subjected to a disinfectant change

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role of chlorine and chloramine in corrosion of lead‐bearing plumbing materials

Cited by 209 publications

References 21 publications

Formation of Pb(III) Intermediates in the Electrochemically Controlled Pb(II)/PbO2 System

Formation of Pb(III) Intermediates in the Electrochemically Controlled Pb(II)/PbO2 System

Satisfaction of drinking water needs in villages of Stara Zagora municipality

Measuring metals release and biological activity in decades old cast iron pipes subjected to a disinfectant change

Contact Info

Product

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Formation of Pb(III) Intermediates in the Electrochemically Controlled Pb(II)/PbO₂ System

Formation of Pb(III) Intermediates in the Electrochemically Controlled Pb(II)/PbO₂ System