Robust Control Scheme for Distributed Battery Energy Storage Systems in Load Frequency Control

Oshnoei, Arman; Kheradmandi, Morteza; Muyeen, S. M.

doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2020.2997950

Cited by 126 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The SF of 3 will be applied for this type of DR [28]. Various scalars incentivizing FFR demand provision will be applied as per (10) and 11 Considering product scalar timelines, in this study, three possible frameworks are developed for data centers to participate in FFR services in Ireland. It is assumed that 189.5 MW and 18.95 MVAR data centers are available to participate in the FFR service.…”

Section: A Static and Dynamic Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is not a bad in itself, as it is a technology shift that will spawn new technology, new jobs, and changes in how the energy system is managed. However, increased levels of variable renewable power and smart technologies in the grid need additional grid balancing services and storage to maintain power quality [10], [11]. Data centers are potential candidates for participation in demand response (DR) programs and provision of frequency services due to their large load demand.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Manipulation of Static and Dynamic Data Center Power Responses to Support Grid Operations

et al. 2020

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This research investigates three frameworks for data centers to deliver fast frequency response services from their UPS storage systems, HVAC cooling units, and the ability of off-gridding the entire data center during transient frequency events. The aim of this is to provide dynamic injection during transients in real time for grid operators and for power sellers in hour ahead markets. A static and a dynamic model was developed in DIgSILENT PowerFactory. In the static model, the data centers are off-gridded in response to emergency frequency signals from system operator in a centralized manner, whereas in the dynamic model the UPS systems and shiftable cooling units power consumption was altered continuously in the data centers in response to local frequency measurements considering different real-time scenarios. The performance of the proposed operational frameworks is validated, and calibrated to actual frequency events that occurred in the Irish power system. The sensitivity analysis demonstrates that both static and dynamic load controls can significantly improve system frequency metrics, i.e., frequency nadir and rate of change of frequency during transients. The key findings show that demand response can only make a substantial frequency improvement if a large amount of energy delivered within the timeframe of inertial response. INDEX TERMS Battery and UPS, data centers, demand-side management, fast frequency response, inertia response, load modeling, power system dynamics, wind power generation. NOMENCLATURE PLo,j Pre-fault active power of a load at j th bus. QLo,j Pre-fault reactive power of a load. PL,j Active and reactive power of a load. QL,j Reactive power of a load at j th bus. vo,j Pre-fault voltage of j th bus. vj Post-fault voltage of j th bus. ui, uj Committed status. E Operational inertia floor constraint. Hi Inertia floor constraint of i th generators. Hsys Post-event system inertia constant. Si Stated nominal power limit. fo Nominal system frequency. fi Regional nominal frequency. fCOI Frequency at center of inertia.

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Section: A Static and Dynamic Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Manipulation of Static and Dynamic Data Center Power Responses to Support Grid Operations

et al. 2020

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“…In this regard, investigations related to the importance of the MG secondary controller have been conducted. The integer order controllers (IOCs), such as integral (I) [12,14,17,[19][20][21], proportional-integral (PI) [11,16,22], proportionalintegral-derivative (PID) [13], model predictive control (MPC) [23][24][25], and fractional order controllers (FOCs) [26,27], have been utilized in the literature to improve the performance of the MG secondary frequency control.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Provision of Frequency Stability of an Islanded Microgrid Using a Novel Virtual Inertia Control and a Fractional Order Cascade Controller

et al. 2021

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Nowadays, the renewable energy sources in microgrids (MGs) have high participation to supply the consumer’s demand. In such MGs, the problems such as the system frequency stability, inertia, and damping reduction are threatened. To overcome this challenge, employing the virtual inertia control (VIC) concept in the MG structure could be considered as a viable solution to improve the system frequency response. Hence, this work proposes a novel modeling for VIC in an islanded MG that provides simultaneous emulation of the primary frequency control, virtual inertia, and damping. To show the efficiency of the proposed technique, a comparison is made between the dynamic performance of the proposed VIC and conventional VIC under different scenarios. The results indicate that the proposed VIC presents superior frequency performance in comparison with conventional VIC. In addition to VIC modeling, a new cascade controller based on three-degrees of freedom and fractional-order controllers (FOCs) is proposed as an MG secondary controller. The effectiveness of the proposed controller is compared to tilt-integral-derivative and FO proportional-integral-derivative controllers. The Squirrel search algorithm is utilized to obtain the optimal coefficients of the controllers. The results demonstrate that the proposed controller improves the MG frequency performance over other controllers. Eventually, the sensitivity analysis is performed to investigate the robustness of the proposed controller in the face of the variations of the parameters.

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“…A Robust Control Scheme for Distributed Battery Energy Storage Systems in Load Frequency Control is reported in [18]. An MPC control scheme to regulate frequency in the presence of electric vehicles has been implemented on the isolated power system in [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Neural Network-Based Load Frequency Control Scheme: A Case Study of Restructured Power System

Kumar¹,

Mlik

Singh

et al. 2021

IEEE Access

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Nowadays, neural networks (NN) are being utilized in different control problems because of their excellent ability to model any nonlinear process. NN is suitable for the process having a wide range of operating conditions. In this work, the neural network-based internal model control (NN-IMC) scheme has been considered as a secondary controller for the load frequency control (LFC) problem in the restructured electricity market in order to meet Poolco and bilateral transactions. The proposed control scheme has been implemented on a 75-bus, 15-generator power system. The test system is divided into four areas. It is seen that area frequency errors have been eliminated at a steady state in all cases, and Gencos/Discos shared the increase in demand as per their involvement in the frequency regulation market. The results show that the NN-IMC control scheme has good performance and improves system responses effectively. Further, the performance of the NN-IMC control scheme has also been compared with the fractional-order proportionalintegral-derivative (FO-PID) control scheme It is observed that the performance of the FO-PID controller is superior to the NN-IMC scheme in terms of settling time and similar to the NN-IMC control scheme in terms of maximum overshoots/undershoots. The compliance of the NN-IMC scheme has also been checked with NERC standards. It is seen that the NN-IMC scheme also satisfied the CPS1 and CPS2 control standards.

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Robust Control Scheme for Distributed Battery Energy Storage Systems in Load Frequency Control

Cited by 126 publications

References 19 publications

Manipulation of Static and Dynamic Data Center Power Responses to Support Grid Operations

Manipulation of Static and Dynamic Data Center Power Responses to Support Grid Operations

Provision of Frequency Stability of an Islanded Microgrid Using a Novel Virtual Inertia Control and a Fractional Order Cascade Controller

Novel Neural Network-Based Load Frequency Control Scheme: A Case Study of Restructured Power System

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