Risk of sensitization to preservatives estimated on the basis of patch test data and exposure, according to a sample of 3541 leave-on products

Schnuch, Axel; Mildau, Gerd; Kratz, Evamaria; Uter, Wolfgang

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.2011.01939.x

Cited by 70 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…In the larger collective, the reactions were classified as irritative or questionable in 0.53% of the patients (Schnuch et al 2011;Uter et al 2010). An evaluation of the patch test results from 5183 patients with and 14 722 patients without atopic eczema documented between 1995 and 1999 in the clinics of the IVDK showed that in these collectives there is practically no difference in the incidence of reactions at 0.28% and 0.30%, respectively.…”

Section: Allergenic Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Benzyl alcohol [MAK Value Documentation, 2017]

Hartwig

Arand²

2018

The MAK‐Collection for Occupational Health and Safety

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The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated benzyl alcohol [ 100‐51‐6 ] to derive a maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value), considering all toxicological endpoints. Available publications and study reports are described in detail. Benzyl alcohol is irritating to the eyes and the airways. In a 4‐week inhalation study in rats, microscopic lesions in the airways, especially in the lung, occurred at 1072 mg/m 3 . The NAEC is estimated to be 300 mg/m 3 , a concentration at which benzyl alcohol can occur as vapour, corresponding to 67 ml/m 3 . A MAK value of 5 ml/m 3 has been derived. As local effects are critical, benzyl alcohol is classified in Peak Limitation Category I with an excursion factor of 2. In developmental toxicity studies with benzyl alcohol in mice, foetotoxic effects occurred at 750 mg/kg body weight and day in the presence of marked maternal toxicity. The NOAEL was 550 mg/kg body weight and day; however, teratogenicity was not examined. Benzoic acid is the main metabolite of benzyl alcohol. Considering the developmental toxicity studies with sodium benzoate, the differences between the NOAEL for rats, mice, rabbits and hamsters scaled to an inhalation concentration at the workplace and the MAK value are considered so large that damage to the embryo or foetus is unlikely when the MAK value is observed. Therefore, benzyl alcohol is classified in Pregnancy Risk Group C. Benzyl alcohol is not regarded to be genotoxic or carcinogenic. Sensitization is not expected as benzyl alcohol was not a contact sensitizer in a local lymph node assay and there were no conclusive positive clinical findings of sensitizing effects on the skin. Skin contact is expected to contribute significantly to the systemic toxicity. Therefore, benzyl alcohol is designated with an “H”. Completed: October 08, 2015

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Section: Allergenic Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Benzyl alcohol [MAK Value Documentation, 2017]

Hartwig

Arand²

2018

The MAK‐Collection for Occupational Health and Safety

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“…1,2,9,11 Finally, the relatively high incidence detected in studies on patients with eczema performed in skin allergy units highlights the marked allergenicity of these substances. 12,13 Sources MCI/MI and MI are widely used in consumer and in industrial products.…”

Section: Molecular Structure and Sensitization Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For some authors, 18 this measure has been effective; for others, 11,17 however, it has not succeeded in sufficiently reducing rates of sensitization to MCI/MI, which have remained at 1.8-4.4% for the last 20 years. 6,11,12,18,19 Furthermore, during the last 4 years there has been an alarming increase in sensitization to MCI/MI (4-5%). 3,18 We confirmed this finding in our department, where the rate increased from 4.49% during the period October 2006-September 2008 6 to 10% in October 2011-September 2013 ( Table 2).…”

Section: Industrial Productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Update on Allergic Contact Dermatitis Due to Methylchloroisothiazolinone/Methylisothiazolinone and Methylisothiazolinone

Leiva-Salinas

Francés

Silvestre

2014

Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas (English Edition)

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“…Menschen [31]. [32,37]. Auf Basis klinischer Daten erschien Gentamicin als häufiges Allergen, unter Berücksichti-gung der Exposition weist jedoch Kanamycin ein höheres Kontaktallergierisiko auf.…”

Section: Nickelallergie Bei Jungen Frauenunclassified

“…Auf Basis klinischer Daten erschien Gentamicin als häufiges Allergen, unter Berücksichti-gung der Exposition weist jedoch Kanamycin ein höheres Kontaktallergierisiko auf. Bei den Konservierungsstoffen zeigten Phenoxyethanol, Benzylalkohol und Parabene trotz ihrer weiten Verbreitung ein (sehr) geringes Sensibilisierungsrisiko; dieses war geringer als das mit zum Beispiel Formaldehydabspaltern oder Isothiazolinonen assoziierte [32,37].…”

Section: Nickelallergie Bei Jungen Frauenunclassified