Risk Indicators of Pre-Eclampsia in North Jordan: Is Dental Caries Involved?

Abstract

Background: Despite a huge body of published research, understanding the basic pathology that leads to pre-eclampsia is still incomplete. This study was conducted among women in north Jordan to determine factors associated with pre-eclampsia and to determine if dental caries was involved. Methods: A case-control study was carried out among women who delivered at Princess Badea Teaching Hospital, Irbid, North Jordan, between September 1, 2004 and January 1, 2005. 115 women with pre-eclampsia and 230 normotensive controls were included in the study. Information regarding participants’ demographics, antenatal history and family history were collected through personal interviews. Several oral parameters were measured for each participant. Results: In multivariate analysis, factors found to be associated with increased odds of pre-eclampsia were age ≧35 years (adjusted OR 2.20; 95% CI 1.08, 4.48), nulliparity (adjusted OR 2.73; 95% CI 1.38, 5.39), emotional stress during pregnancy (adjusted OR 4.22; 95% CI 1.79, 9.90), maternal history of pre-eclampsia (adjusted OR 16.04; 95% CI 5.82, 44.22), family history of cardiovascular diseases (adjusted OR 2.82; 95% CI 1.22, 6.51), family history of pre-eclampsia (adjusted OR 23.26; 95% CI 5.07, 106.78), twin births (adjusted OR 37.79; 95% CI 4.22, 338.51), and Body Mass Index (BMI). In comparison with women with pre-pregnancy BMI <25, adjusted OR were 1.97, 95% CI 1.02, 3.81 for women with BMI from 25 to 29.9, and 3.31, 95% CI 1.36, 8.03 for women with BMI ≧30. Mean decayed teeth surface was found to be associated with increased odds of pre-eclampsia (adjusted OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.03, 1.27). Conclusion: This study demonstrated no difference to reported risk indicators of pre-eclampsia in other populations, but adds that dental caries may have an association with increased odds of pre-eclampsia.

Association between dental caries and adverse pregnancy outcomes

“…Thus, untreated dental caries may result in further inflammatory complications 33,34 , which could affect pregnancy outcomes 35 . Similarly, we hypothesized that dental caries may be associated with preterm birth and preeclampsia through an infectious process but found that there was no association among them, which is inconsistent with the results from other studies [13][14][15][16] . Furthermore, we did not find any significant difference according to the treatment for dental caries.…”

“…It has been reported that pregnant women with periodontal diseases have an increased risk of preterm birth, preeclampsia, and delivering small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants 11,12 . Similarly, several studies have reported a positive association between dental caries and adverse pregnancy outcomes, including preterm birth and preeclampsia [13][14][15][16] . However, these findings have been challenged by further studies 8,17 .…”

Pre-pregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain and risk of preeclampsia: a birth cohort study in Lanzhou, China

“…The association between higher BMI and risk of preeclampsia reported in our study is consistent with that of previous studies based on both Western populations [ 17 – 21 , 23 , 26 , 28 – 30 , 32 – 36 , 38 ], and Asian populations [ 16 , 22 , 24 , 25 , 27 , 31 , 37 , 67 , 68 ]. Among the few previous studies that investigated the association between pre-pregnancy BMI and preeclampsia subtypes [ 14 , 19 , 30 , 38 ], their results suggested that overweight/obesity before pregnancy increased the risk of S-PE [ 14 , 19 ], M-PE [ 30 ], LOPE [ 30 , 38 ], but not EOPE [ 14 , 19 , 30 , 38 ].…”

Artificial intelligence-assisted prediction of preeclampsia: Development and external validation of a nationwide health insurance dataset of the BPJS Kesehatan in Indonesia

“…Preeclampsia is also associated with other digestive systemrelated codes, such as dental caries (K029) and excessive attrition of the teeth (K30). Pregnant women with dental caries had a higher prevalence of preeclampsia compared to normotensive controls (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.76, 95% CI 1.43À2.18) [66]. However, excessive attrition of the teeth might not be directly associated with preeclampsia, but with age, because attrition of the teeth was greater in the age group of 51À60 years compared to those in either the age group of 20À30 years or other younger age groups (p<0.003) [67].…”