Risk Factors of Type 2 Diabetes among Maasai Pastoral Communities in Simanjiro, Tanzania

Mandha, Juliana; Buza, Joram; Kassimu, Neema; Petrucka, Pammla

doi:10.4236/oalib.1102079

Cited by 2 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 17 publications

(23 reference statements)

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“…Fat consumption declined 13% and SFA declined 23%; carbohydrates increased 25%, protein increased 25%, MUFAs increased 320% and PUFAs increased 33% ( 64 ). Sugar consumption increased in Tokelau and New Zealand; far more for migrants (650; 2 to 13% calories) than non-migrants (400, 2 to 8%) ( 64 , 80 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dietary Transitions and Health Outcomes in Four Populations – Systematic Review

et al. 2022

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ImportanceNon-communicable chronic diseases (NCDs) such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and cancer were rare among non-western populations with traditional diets and lifestyles. As populations transitioned toward industrialized diets and lifestyles, NCDs developed.ObjectiveWe performed a systematic literature review to examine the effects of diet and lifestyle transitions on NCDs.Evidence ReviewWe identified 22 populations that underwent a nutrition transition, eleven of which had sufficient data. Of these, we chose four populations with diverse geographies, diets and lifestyles who underwent a dietary and lifestyle transition and explored the relationship between dietary changes and health outcomes. We excluded populations with features overlapping with selected populations or with complicating factors such as inadequate data, subgroups, and different study methodologies over different periods. The selected populations were Yemenite Jews, Tokelauans, Tanushimaru Japanese, and Maasai. We also review transition data from seven excluded populations (Pima, Navajo, Aboriginal Australians, South African Natal Indians and Zulu speakers, Inuit, and Hadza) to assess for bias.FindingsThe three groups that replaced saturated fats (SFA) from animal (Yemenite Jews, Maasai) or plants (Tokelau) with refined carbohydrates had negative health outcomes (e.g., increased obesity, diabetes, heart disease). Yemenites reduced SFA consumption by >40% post-transition but men's BMI increased 19% and diabetes increased ~40-fold. Tokelauans reduced fat, dramatically reduced SFA, and increased sugar intake: obesity and diabetes rose. The Tanushimaruans transitioned to more fats and less carbohydrates and used more anti-hypertensive medications; stroke and breast cancer declined while heart disease was stable. The Maasai transitioned to lower fat, SFA and higher carbohydrates and had increased BMI and diabetes. Similar patterns were observed in the seven other populations.ConclusionThe nutrient category most strongly associated with negative health outcomes – especially obesity and diabetes – was sugar (increased 600–650% in Yemenite Jews and Tokelauans) and refined carbohydrates (among Maasai, total carbohydrates increased 39% in men and 362% in women), while increased calories was less strongly associated with these disorders. Across 11 populations, NCDs were associated with increased refined carbohydrates more than increased calories, reduced activity or other factors, but cannot be attributed to SFA or total fat consumption.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among urban Maasai and individuals from other tribes, 11.8% of males and 26% of females had impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes ( 76 ). In 2015, diabetes prevalence in adult (>25 y/o) Maasai was 1.1% for men and 0.8% for women; impaired fasting tolerance at 2.4%; diabetes prevalence among all Tanzanians was 8.0% ( 80 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Transitions and Health Outcomes in Four Populations – Systematic Review

et al. 2022

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“…The low prevalence of diabetes could be attributed to its predominantly rural set up; a similar trend has been observed elsewhere (Dirk et al, 2009). Occurrence of diabetes among the Maasai community of Narok County which had no such previous record during the pre-colonial era is associated with sociocultural changes facing it in the post-colonial era (Karekezi et al, 2011;Mandha et al, 2015;Masaki et al, 2014). This explains why most of the reported causes of diabetes by the TH in Narok were attributed to; diet, stress and inactivity, these findings corroborate previous reports (Berg, 2012;Campbell et al, 2000;Cochrane et al, 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Maasai are a pastoral community; they occupy the Northern part of Tanzania and Southern part of Kenya. A prevalence of 22.9% and 9.9% has been recorded in the urban and rural settings respectively, in Ngorongoro, Tanzania (Masaki et al, 2015) while in Simanjiro, a prevalence of 0.9% and 2.4 % type 2 diabetes and impaired fasting glucose tolerance has been reported respectively (Mandha et al, 2015). Significant health effects due to change in dietary lifestyle that led to increased cholesterol levels have been observed among the rural and urban Maasai (Day et al, 1979).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medicinal plants used in the management of diabetes by traditional healers of Narok County, Kenya

Kamau¹,

Mbaabu²,

Karuri³

et al. 2017

TANG [HUMANITAS MEDICINE]

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The Maasai community from Kenya is highly esteemed for their strong adherence to traditional cultures and ethno medicine. This is attributed to their age-old traditional mechanisms of passing down knowledge to the younger generation. Adoption to new socio-economic lifestyle and urbanization has been associated with development of diabetes, which has been reported among some indigenous pastoral communities in Kenya. Documentation of traditional methods of treatment and management of diabetes by the Maasai has not yet been reported, yet it is noteworthy. Thirty traditional healers from Narok County were purposively selected and interviewed about traditional knowledge of antidiabetic medicinal plants, parts used, preparation dosage and administration. A total of 14 antidiabetic plant species distributed within 13 genera and 12 families were identified and documented as herbal medicine used in the management of diabetes. The most highly cited plant species was Dovyalis abyssinica (20%), the plant family Flacourtiaceae and Rhamnaceae (2 plant species each) recorded the highest number of plant species while the most frequently used plant part was the roots (46%). Literature review revealed that some of the cited plants have known phytochemicals with antidiabetic activity; the study recommends further scientific investigation to validate their efficacy and safety.

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Risk Factors of Type 2 Diabetes among Maasai Pastoral Communities in Simanjiro, Tanzania

Cited by 2 publications

References 17 publications

Dietary Transitions and Health Outcomes in Four Populations – Systematic Review

Dietary Transitions and Health Outcomes in Four Populations – Systematic Review

Medicinal plants used in the management of diabetes by traditional healers of Narok County, Kenya

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