Risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus

Abstract

Cancer of the oesophagus has great diversity in geographical distribution and incidence. The rate of oesophageal cancer has been increasing in some areas and the reasons for this are not clear. This review outlines fascinating epidemiological aspects and the risk factor for squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus. While in the Western world the effects of alcohol and tobacco are substantial preconditions, worldwide other factors, such as diet, nutritional deficiencies, environmental exposure and infectious agents (especially papillomavirus and fungi), play a significant role. Chronic irritation of the oesophagus appears to participate in the process of carcinogenesis, particularly in patients with thermal and/or mechanical injury, achalasia, oesophageal diverticulum, chronic lye stricture, radiation therapy, injection sclerotherapy and gastric resection before the appearance of oesophageal tumour. The association of Plummer-Vinson syndrome, coeliac disease, tylosis and scleroderma with oesophageal cancer has also been reviewed.

Differential expression of S100 gene family in human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

“…Despite the recent advances in surgical techniques, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and palliative measures, the 5-year survival rate is only approximately 5% (Ribeiro et al 1996). In developed countries, the incidence rates of ESCC are about 1.5-5.0 per 100,000, whereas in some regions of China, the relative risk is as high as 300-500 fold (Togawa et al 1994).…”

Interleukin-6 acts as an antiapoptotic factor in human esophageal carcinoma cells through the activation of both STAT3 and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways

“…It represents one of the most malignant tumors for its aggressive behavior and poor prognosis. Epidemiological investigations have revealed some risk factors associated with esophageal cancers, such as alcohol and cigarette abuse, diet, nutritional deficiencies, or exposure to infectious agents (Ribeiro et al, 1996). In addition, chronic irritation of the esophageal epithelium, for example, thermal or mechanical injuries, can also contribute to the development of esophageal tumors.…”

Frequent Loss of Heterozygosity but Rare Microsatellite Instability in Oesophageal Cancer in Japanese and Chinese Patients

“…Oesophageal cancer is one of the most malignant tumours occurring in the digestive tract. It is known that this malignancy is prevalent in relatively limited geographical areas and populations [7], which implies that specific environmental or genetic factors are involved. Since smoking and drinking have been identified as risk factors, the contribution of environmental factors is considered important.…”