Risk Factors for Retinal Ganglion Cell Distress in Glaucoma and Neuroprotective Potential Intervention

Vernazza, Stefania; Oddone, Francesco; Tirendi, Sara; Bassi, Anna Maria

doi:10.3390/ijms22157994

Cited by 32 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 223 publications

(256 reference statements)

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“…Moreover, despite welladjusted IOP, 15% of glaucoma patients become blind and as many as 42% lose sight in one eye [31]. In this regard, growing evidence obtained from both animal models and clinical studies has revealed risk factors other than elevated IOP and aging, which include vascular dysfunction [32][33][34][35], glutamate excitotoxicity [36][37][38], mitochondrial dysfunction [39][40][41], and oxidative stress [13,14,[42][43][44]. Given its higher prevalence, a vast proportion of studies attempting to decipher the association between oxidative stress and glaucoma have focused on POAG.…”

Section: Glaucomamentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxidative Stress in Optic Neuropathies

et al. 2021

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Increasing evidence indicates that changes in the redox system may contribute to the pathogenesis of multiple optic neuropathies. Optic neuropathies are characterized by the neurodegeneration of the inner-most retinal neurons, the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), and their axons, which form the optic nerve. Often, optic neuropathies are asymptomatic until advanced stages, when visual impairment or blindness is unavoidable despite existing treatments. In this review, we describe systemic and, whenever possible, ocular redox dysregulations observed in patients with glaucoma, ischemic optic neuropathy, optic neuritis, hereditary optic neuropathies (i.e., Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy and autosomal dominant optic atrophy), nutritional and toxic optic neuropathies, and optic disc drusen. We discuss aspects related to anti/oxidative stress biomarkers that need further investigation and features related to study design that should be optimized to generate more valuable and comparable results. Understanding the role of oxidative stress in optic neuropathies can serve to develop therapeutic strategies directed at the redox system to arrest the neurodegenerative processes in the retina and RGCs and ultimately prevent vision loss.

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Section: Glaucomamentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxidative Stress in Optic Neuropathies

et al. 2021

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“…In this case, the pathological changes progress slowly over the years. Before surgical treatment is considered in this case, therapy is based on lowering IOP, which is achieved by decreasing aqueous humor production or increasing aqueous humor drainage; therefore, efficient non-invasive therapies, such as supplementation with dietary antioxidants would be beneficial [ 125 , 129 ].…”

Section: Glaucomamentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Antioxidants in Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Glaucoma

2021

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Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and glaucoma are ophthalmic neurodegenerative diseases responsible for irreversible vision loss in the world population. Only a few therapies can be used to slow down the progression of these diseases and there are no available treatment strategies for reversing the degeneration of the neural retina. In AMD, the pathological process causes the malfunction and damage of the retinal pigmented epithelium and photoreceptors in the macula. In glaucoma, damage of the retinal ganglion cells and their axons is observed and treatment strategies are limited to intraocular pressure lowering. Therefore, other prophylactic and/or therapeutic methods are needed. Oxidative stress is involved in the neurodegenerative process accompanying both AMD and glaucoma; therefore, the use of antioxidant agents would clearly be beneficial, which is supported by the decreased prevalence and progression of AMD in patients adherent to a diet naturally rich in antioxidants. Dietary antioxidants are easily available and their use is based on the natural route of administration. Many preclinical studies both in vitro and using animal models of retinal degeneration showed the efficacy of dietary antioxidants, which was further proved in clinical trials. Resveratrol is beneficial both in AMD and glaucoma animal models, but confirmed only among AMD patients. For AMD, carotenoids and omega-3 fatty acids were also proved to be sufficient in preventing neurodegeneration. For glaucoma, coenzyme Q10 and alpha-lipoic acid showed efficacy for decreasing retinal ganglion cell loss and inhibiting the accompanying destructive processes. Interestingly, the benefits of vitamins, especially vitamin E was not confirmed, neither in preclinical nor in clinical studies.

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“…Cannabinoids consumed orally can lower IOP by activating cannabinoid receptors and probably the trabecular meshwork that controls the production and secretion of aqueous humor, but result in unwanted systemic side effects [74]. Specific typical and atypical cannabinoid receptor modulation in many delivery methods could be used as therapeutics to decrease inflammation and the resulting cell death [75].…”

Section: Glaucomamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Vertical and Horizontal Pathways in the Monkey Retina Are Modulated by Typical and Atypical Cannabinoid Receptors

Bouskila

Bleau

Micaelo-Fernandes

et al. 2021

Cells

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The endocannabinoid (eCB) system has been found in all visual parts of the central ner-vous system and plays a role in the processing of visual information in many species, including monkeys and humans. Using anatomical methods, cannabinoid receptors are present in the monkey retina, particularly in the vertical glutamatergic pathway, and also in the horizontal GABAergic pathway. Modulating the eCB system regulates normal retinal function as demonstrated by electrophysiological recordings. The characterization of the expression patterns of all types of cannabinoid receptors in the retina is progressing, and further research is needed to elucidate their exact role in processing visual information. Typical cannabinoid receptors include G-protein coupled receptor CB1R and CB2R, and atypical cannabinoid receptors include the G-protein coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) and the ion channel transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1). This review focuses on the expression and localization studies carried out in monkeys, but some data on other animal species and humans will also be reported. Furthermore, the role of the endogenous cannabinoid receptors in retinal function will also be presented using intraocular injections of known modulators (agonists and antagonists) on electroretinographic patterns in monkeys. The effects of the natural bioactive lipid lysophosphatidylglucoside and synthetic FAAH inhibitor URB597 on retinal function, will also be described. Finally, the potential of typical and atypical cannabinoid receptor acti-vity regulation in retinal diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and retinitis pigmentosa will be briefly explored.

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Risk Factors for Retinal Ganglion Cell Distress in Glaucoma and Neuroprotective Potential Intervention

Cited by 32 publications

References 223 publications

Oxidative Stress in Optic Neuropathies

Oxidative Stress in Optic Neuropathies

Dietary Antioxidants in Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Glaucoma

The Vertical and Horizontal Pathways in the Monkey Retina Are Modulated by Typical and Atypical Cannabinoid Receptors

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