“…However, prior studies of spanking that included fathers have generally examined predictors of fathers' spanking (Lee, Guterman, & Lee, 2008;Lee et al, 2011); fathers' spanking separately from mothers (Lee, Taylor, Altschul, & Rice, 2013;Prinzie et al, 2006); or did not examine the transactional nature of parent child interactions (Lee, Taylor, Altschul, & Rice, 2013). The current study is unique because the separate and simultaneous use of transactional models to examine fathers' and mothers' use of physical punishment permits us to identify whether fathers' use of spanking has any unique influence after accounting for mothers' spanking.…”