Risk Factors for Esotropia and Exotropia

Strabismus Incidence in a Danish Population-Based Cohort of Children

“…In a population-based cohort of 96 842 children, we found an overall cumulative strabismus incidence at 7 years of 256 cases per 10 000 children, which is consistent with incidences reported by previous smaller studies [1][2][3][4][5][6] in European and American cohorts. Our cumulative incidence of ET (201 per 10 000 children at age 7 years) was comparable with the cumulative incidence of 2.13% (n = 350) reported in children 18 years or younger in a population-based cohort in Minnesota.…”

Strabismus Incidence in a Danish Population-Based Cohort of Children

“…In a population-based cohort of 96 842 children, we found an overall cumulative strabismus incidence at 7 years of 256 cases per 10 000 children, which is consistent with incidences reported by previous smaller studies [1][2][3][4][5][6] in European and American cohorts. Our cumulative incidence of ET (201 per 10 000 children at age 7 years) was comparable with the cumulative incidence of 2.13% (n = 350) reported in children 18 years or younger in a population-based cohort in Minnesota.…”

Nationwide study of hospitalization and surgical treatment for childhood strabismus in Italy between 1999 and 2004

“…The ratio of esotropia/ exotropia was 3.82:1, a figure that is consistent with the data reported from other similar studies [4,6,7]. The number of admissions for concomitant strabismus involving males was similar to that for females.…”

The causal effect of obesity on concomitant exotropia: A lifecourse Mendelian randomization study

“…A large multidisciplinary cohort study encompassing 39,227 children revealed that low birth weight was an independent risk factor for both esotropia and exotropia. [10] Conversely, a cross-sectional study involving 563 children between the ages of 4 and 10 suggested that birth weight percentile exerted a lesser independent impact on strabismus, [47] aligning with our findings. The previous contradictory results may be attributed to selection bias stemming from the composition of strabismus subtypes, limited sample size, and suboptimal study designs (prone to the confounding factors from cross-sectional or cohort designs).…”

Strabismus Incidence in a Danish Population-Based Cohort of Children

“…In a population-based cohort of 96 842 children, we found an overall cumulative strabismus incidence at 7 years of 256 cases per 10 000 children, which is consistent with incidences reported by previous smaller studies [1][2][3][4][5][6] in European and American cohorts. Our cumulative incidence of ET (201 per 10 000 children at age 7 years) was comparable with the cumulative incidence of 2.13% (n = 350) reported in children 18 years or younger in a population-based cohort in Minnesota.…”

Nationwide study of hospitalization and surgical treatment for childhood strabismus in Italy between 1999 and 2004

“…The ratio of esotropia/ exotropia was 3.82:1, a figure that is consistent with the data reported from other similar studies [4,6,7]. The number of admissions for concomitant strabismus involving males was similar to that for females.…”

The causal effect of obesity on concomitant exotropia: A lifecourse Mendelian randomization study

“…A large multidisciplinary cohort study encompassing 39,227 children revealed that low birth weight was an independent risk factor for both esotropia and exotropia. [10] Conversely, a cross-sectional study involving 563 children between the ages of 4 and 10 suggested that birth weight percentile exerted a lesser independent impact on strabismus, [47] aligning with our findings. The previous contradictory results may be attributed to selection bias stemming from the composition of strabismus subtypes, limited sample size, and suboptimal study designs (prone to the confounding factors from cross-sectional or cohort designs).…”

Strabismus Incidence in a Danish Population-Based Cohort of Children

“…In a population-based cohort of 96 842 children, we found an overall cumulative strabismus incidence at 7 years of 256 cases per 10 000 children, which is consistent with incidences reported by previous smaller studies [1][2][3][4][5][6] in European and American cohorts. Our cumulative incidence of ET (201 per 10 000 children at age 7 years) was comparable with the cumulative incidence of 2.13% (n = 350) reported in children 18 years or younger in a population-based cohort in Minnesota.…”

Nationwide study of hospitalization and surgical treatment for childhood strabismus in Italy between 1999 and 2004

“…The ratio of esotropia/ exotropia was 3.82:1, a figure that is consistent with the data reported from other similar studies [4,6,7]. The number of admissions for concomitant strabismus involving males was similar to that for females.…”

The causal effect of obesity on concomitant exotropia: A lifecourse Mendelian randomization study

“…A large multidisciplinary cohort study encompassing 39,227 children revealed that low birth weight was an independent risk factor for both esotropia and exotropia. [10] Conversely, a cross-sectional study involving 563 children between the ages of 4 and 10 suggested that birth weight percentile exerted a lesser independent impact on strabismus, [47] aligning with our findings. The previous contradictory results may be attributed to selection bias stemming from the composition of strabismus subtypes, limited sample size, and suboptimal study designs (prone to the confounding factors from cross-sectional or cohort designs).…”