Risk determination and prevention of breast cancer

Abstract

Breast cancer is an increasing public health problem. Substantial advances have been made in the treatment of breast cancer, but the introduction of methods to predict women at elevated risk and prevent the disease has been less successful. Here, we summarize recent data on newer approaches to risk prediction, available approaches to prevention, how new approaches may be made, and the difficult problem of using what we already know to prevent breast cancer in populations. During 2012, the Breast Cancer Campaign facilitated a series of workshops, each covering a specialty area of breast cancer to identify gaps in our knowledge. The risk-and-prevention panel involved in this exercise was asked to expand and update its report and review recent relevant peer-reviewed literature. The enlarged position paper presented here highlights the key gaps in risk-and-prevention research that were identified, together with recommendations for action. The panel estimated from the relevant literature that potentially 50% of breast cancer could be prevented in the subgroup of women at high and moderate risk of breast cancer by using current chemoprevention (tamoxifen, raloxifene, exemestane, and anastrozole) and that, in all women, lifestyle measures, including weight control, exercise, and moderating alcohol intake, could reduce breast cancer risk by about 30%. Risk may be estimated by standard models potentially with the addition of, for example, mammographic density and appropriate single-nucleotide polymorphisms. This review expands on four areas: (a) the prediction of breast cancer risk, (b) the evidence for the effectiveness of preventive therapy and lifestyle approaches to prevention, (c) how understanding the biology of the breast may lead to new targets for prevention, and (d) a summary of published guidelines for preventive approaches and measures required for their implementation. We hope that efforts to fill these and other gaps will lead to considerable advances in our efforts to predict risk and prevent breast cancer over the next 10 years.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13058-014-0446-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Cost of Illness of Breast Cancer Patients on Chemotherapy in Addis Ababa Public Hospitals, the Case of Tikur Anbessa Specialized Teaching Hospital-Cross-Sectional Types of Study

“…In addition to age, the following are the possible risk factors for breast cancer are: fewer births, later age at first full-term pregnancy, not having breastfed, early age at menarche, irregular menses, late menopause, use of exogenous hormone (e.g. oral contraceptives, combined hormone therapy), obesity, physical inactivity, alcohol consumption, family history of breast cancer are some of the risk factors mentioned above [2][3][4][5].…”

Awareness about Early Detection Methods, Symptoms and Risk Factors towards Breast and Cervical Cancer among the Female Students of Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University (MBSTU), Santosh, Tangail, Bangladesh

“…Millions more people worldwide are probably grossly underestimated because of the poor or inefficient reporting systems and the lack of reliable cancer registries in third-world countries [11] [12]. Substantial advances have been made in the treatment of breast cancer, but the affordance to introduce of these methods to predict cancer at elevated risk level and to prevent this disease is still less successful [13]. Large population-based registry studies have shown that breast cancer prognosis is inherited.…”

Nutrition, Nitrogen Requirements, Exercise and Chemotherapy-Induced Toxicity in Cancer Patients. A puzzle of Contrasting Truths?

“…However, other evidence suggest that mTOR may also play a positive role in cancer patients. It has been demonstrated that physical exercise stimulates the mTOR pathway and this is correlated with the prevention of certain type of cancers [34][35][36]. mTOR can also increase tolerability of chemotherapy and can protect against autophagy (frequently associate with cancer resistance to therapy) and improve prognosis [37][38][39].…”