Riot Control Agents

Hilmas, Corey J.; Poole, Melissa J.; Katos, Alexandre M.; Williams, Patrick

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374484-5.00012-2

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 113 publications

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“…6,7 After absorption, CS also causes alkylation of intracellular sulfhydryl groups inhibiting SH-containing enzymes. 8,9…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile tear gas exposure

Brvar

2015

Hum Exp Toxicol

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Objective: Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS) is the tear gas used by the police. The aim was to evaluate an amphoteric, hypertonic, and chelating rinsing solution in CS exposure. Methods: The first (CS) group of six police officers was exposed to CS only. The second (preexposure) group of eight sprayed their faces with an aqueous, hypertonic, amphoteric, and chelating solution before CS exposure. The third (postexposure) group of eight sprayed their faces with an aqueous, hypertonic, amphoteric, and chelating solution after CS exposure. The time between exiting the CS cloud and arriving at the “ready for action” checkpoint was measured. Their facial pain both inside the CS cloud and at the checkpoint was assessed (0–10 points). Results: The pain level inside the CS cloud was significantly lower in the preexposed group (5.6 ± 1.1; p = 0.01) than in the CS group (9.7 ± 0.5) and in the postexposure group (9.1 ± 0.4) where it was similar. The time interval between CS exposure and arrival at the checkpoint in the preexposure group (1:26 ± 0:44 min) was significantly shorter than both in the CS group (2:28 ± 0:25 min; p = 0.04) and postexposure group (2:30 ± 0:48 min; p = 0.02) where it was not different. The residual pain at the checkpoint in the preexposure (1.1 ± 0.4) and postexposure (1.4 ± 0.7) groups was similar with a significant lower pain level than in the CS group (2.3 ± 0.5; p = 0.02). Conclusion: CS decontamination with an aqueous, hypertonic, amphoteric, and chelating solution reduces facial pain, whereas prevention with it reduces pain and recovery time.

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“…6,7 After absorption, CS also causes alkylation of intracellular sulfhydryl groups inhibiting SH-containing enzymes. 8,9…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile tear gas exposure

Brvar

2015

Hum Exp Toxicol

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“…In several species, CS dose‐dependently induces ocular irritation, lachrymation, blepharospasm and pain/nocifensive behaviour. The dermatological effects include erythema, burning sensation, dermatitis, blistering and, at high concentrations, chemical burns of up to second degree .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards Development of a Dermal Pain Model: In Vitro Activation of Rat and Human Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin Repeat 1 and Safe Dermal Injection of o‐Chlorobenzylidene Malononitrile to Rat

Annas

Berg

Nyman

et al. 2015

Basic Clin Pharma Tox

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During clinical development of analgesics, it is important to have access to pharmacologically specific human pain models. o-Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS) is a selective and potent agonist of the transient receptor potential ankyrin repeat 1 (TRPA1), which is a transducer molecule in nociceptors sensing reactive chemical species. While CS has been subject to extensive toxicological investigations in animals and human beings, its effects on intradermal or subcutaneous injection have not previously been reported. We have investigated the potential of CS to be used as an agonist on TRPA1 in human experimental pain studies. A calcium influx assay was used to confirm the capacity of CS to activate TRPA1 with >100,000 times the selectivity over the transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor 1. CS dose-dependently (EC 50 0.9 lM) released calcitonin generelated peptide in rat dorsal root ganglion cultures, supporting involvement in pain signalling. In a local tolerance study, injection of a single intradermal dose of 20 mM CS to rats resulted in superficial, circular crusts at the injection sites after approximately 4 days. The histopathology evaluation revealed a mild, acute inflammatory reaction in the epidermis and dermis at the intradermal CS injection site 1 day after administration. After 14 days, the epidermal epithelium was fully restored. The symptoms were not considered to be adverse, and it is suggested that doses up to 20 lL of 20 mM CS can be safely administered to human beings. In conclusion, our data support development of a CS human dermal pain model.

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“…Since then RCAs has revolutionised, whereby the World War I (WWI) between German and French has marked the birth of RCAs such as Acrolein (Papite), Chloropicrin (PS) and Diphenylaminearsine (DM; Adamsite) [17]. Later, at the end of WWI, the US has experimented on the use of CN as RCAs and became widely used up until World War II (WWII) [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…o-ChlorobenzylideneMalononitrile (CS) replaced CN as preferred RCAs and was widely deployed during the war to flush the Viet Cong out of their underground hidings; bunkers and tunnels [17]. Today, CS is being commonly adopted by militaries which also includes Malaysian Armed Forces (MAF) for riot control training, respirator testing in gas mask facilities and simulation for combat preparedness against Chemical Weapons (CW) environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Riot control agents (RCAs) is a nonlethal compound that has relatively short onset and limited duration of action by temporarily incapacitate through irritating the skin, mucosal membranes on eyes, airways and digestive tract thus making it an effective agents used by military to simulate and train personnel of preparedness to act against chemical weapon attack [17].The level of o-ChlorobenzylideneMalononitrile (CS) concentration is not only major concern in public area as riot controls, but also during training purpose inside the military gas mask training facilities [1][2]. Since then RCAs has revolutionised, whereby the World War I (WWI) between German and French has marked the birth of RCAs such as Acrolein (Papite), Chloropicrin (PS) and Diphenylaminearsine (DM; Adamsite) [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of o-Chlorobenxylidene Malononitrite (CS) to military personals healthfuring NBC training

Vikneswaran

Majid

2018

J. Fundam and Appl Sci.

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o-ChlorobenzylideneMalononitrile (CS) is a riot control agents (RCAs) that is a noncompound that has relatively short onset and limited duration of action by temporarily incapacitating human through irritating the skin and mucosal membranes on eyes, airways and digestive tract. This research was aimed to find out whether military personnel in Malaysian that is exposed to CS in a confined gas mask facility during a gas mask affect the respiratory health, especially the lung health symptoms manifested and their lung ChlorobenzylideneMalononitrile (CS) is a riot control agents (RCAs) that is a non compound that has relatively short onset and limited duration of action by temporarily incapacitating human through irritating the skin and mucosal membranes on eyes, airways and digestive tract. This research was aimed to find out whether military personnel in Malaysian that is exposed to CS in a confined gas mask facility during a gas mask testing training would riot control agents (RCAs); confined gas mask facility; forced volume capacity (FVC); forced expiratory volume (FEV 1 ); chronic obstructive lung disease (COPD)

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Riot Control Agents

Cited by 11 publications

References 113 publications

Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile tear gas exposure

Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile tear gas exposure

Towards Development of a Dermal Pain Model: In Vitro Activation of Rat and Human Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin Repeat 1 and Safe Dermal Injection of o‐Chlorobenzylidene Malononitrile to Rat

The effect of o-Chlorobenxylidene Malononitrite (CS) to military personals healthfuring NBC training

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