“…The prior literature is broadly consistent with this account, as prior studies have demonstrated that dACC is reliably activated during incentivized cognitive tasks (Parro, Dixon and Christoff, 2018), and engaged at the interface between incentive motivation and action selection (Rushworth et al ., 2004; Holroyd and Yeung, 2011; Heilbronner and Hayden, 2016). Critically, and most relevant to the current study, dACC also appears to be sensitive to both costs and benefits of engaging in cognitive control tasks (Sayali and Badre, 2019; Westbrook, Lamichhane and Braver, 2019), as well as to both reward and punishment cues (Fujiwara et al ., 2009; Monosov, 2017; Lake et al ., 2019). Nevertheless, in order to provide a strong test of the claim that dACC serves as an integrative motivation-cognition hub, consistent with the EVC account, it is necessary to demonstrate that activity in this brain region: a) integrates the value of diverse incentives; b) integrates incentives with positive (i.e., appetitive) and negative (i.e., aversive) value; c) is directly associated with fluctuations in self-reported motivation; and d) that such motivational fluctuations are themselves linked with variation in cognitive task performance.…”