Revisiting hematopoiesis: applications of the bulk and single-cell transcriptomics dissecting transcriptional heterogeneity in hematopoietic stem cells

Abstract

Hematopoietic system (HS) is one of the most unique, adaptive and comprehensive developmental systems on which various other body systems relies on. It consists of a central pool of multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) differentiating into lymphoid and myeloid lineage by series of gradual loss of stemness potential. Thus, this highly coordinated phenomenon of blood cell renewal ensures robust immunity and limits autoimmunity. Any disease, chronic infection or stress interrupts HS homeostasis and breaks HSCs’ dormancy, thereby activating HSCs to meet the peripheral demand for different immune cells via their expansion and differentiation into more lineage-restricted progenitors, primarily within the bone marrow (BM) in adult life. Therefore, a greater understanding of the overall regulatory landscape of HSC homeostasis and their perturbations is critical for dissecting protective immunity versus autoimmunity. Recent advancements in next-generation sequencing (NGS) viz genomic, transcriptomic, epigenomic and proteogenomic methods at bulk as well as single-cell levels have increased our apprehension for HSC working model. In this review, we discussed the recent findings and computational methods used to unravel the new HSC model revised over the classical model.

TIRAP, TRAM, and Toll-Like Receptors: The Untold Story

“…Dendritic cells are professional antigen-presenting cells, also acting as mediators between the innate and the adaptative immune systems [68]. Primary dendritic cells, namely, bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), represent an interesting working model, as primary BMDC cultures can be matured in a number of cell types, including dendritic cells and macrophages [69].…”

Common Regulators of Lipid Metabolism and Bone Marrow Adiposity in Postmenopausal Women

“…The human bone marrow produces about 500 billion blood cells per day, which enter the systemic circulation via permeable vasculature sinusoids within the bone marrow cavity [ 29 ]. Bone marrow consists of hematopoietic cells, BMAT, and supporting stromal cells [ 30 ]. All types of hematopoietic cells, including bone marrow and lymphoid lineages, are produced in the bone marrow, and MSCs, which can be isolated from the primary culture of the bone marrow matrix, can generate bone, adipose, and cartilage tissues [ 31 ].…”

Hematopoietic Cells Influence Vascular Development in the Retina

“…Hematopoietic cells are bone-marrow derived cells that become blood-borne myeloid and lymphoid cells and migrate to various tissues, participating both in immune responses and the maintenance of specific tissues [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. Produced in the bone marrow in the adult homeostatic state [ 4 ], hematopoietic cells consist of undifferentiated, multipotent stem and progenitor cells responsible for their self-renewal and downstream mature immune cells [ 5 ]. Hematopoietic cells are involved in the maintenance of immune homeostasis in health [ 6 ] but are also activated in disease or stress to fight infection and aid in tissue repair.…”