Review—Recent Advances in FSCV Detection of Neurochemicals via Waveform and Carbon Microelectrode Modification

Rafi, Harmain; Zestos, Alexander G.

doi:10.1149/1945-7111/ac0064

Cited by 23 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 127 publications

(209 reference statements)

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“…For the last 3 decades, fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) at carbon-fiber microelectrodes (CFEs) has been considered the gold standard for in vivo DA detection [ 32 , 33 ], significantly advancing our understanding of phasic DA dynamics [ 34 , 35 ]. FSCV relies on the direct electron transfer reaction between redox-active molecules and the carbon surface of the electrodes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flexible Glassy Carbon Multielectrode Array for In Vivo Multisite Detection of Tonic and Phasic Dopamine Concentrations

Castagnola

Robbins

et al. 2022

Biosensors

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Dopamine (DA) plays a central role in the modulation of various physiological brain functions, including learning, motivation, reward, and movement control. The DA dynamic occurs over multiple timescales, including fast phasic release, as a result of neuronal firing and slow tonic release, which regulates the phasic firing. Real-time measurements of tonic and phasic DA concentrations in the living brain can shed light on the mechanism of DA dynamics underlying behavioral and psychiatric disorders and on the action of pharmacological treatments targeting DA. Current state-of-the-art in vivo DA detection technologies are limited in either spatial or temporal resolution, channel count, longitudinal stability, and ability to measure both phasic and tonic dynamics. We present here an implantable glassy carbon (GC) multielectrode array on a SU-8 flexible substrate for integrated multichannel phasic and tonic measurements of DA concentrations. The GC MEA demonstrated in vivo multichannel fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) detection of electrically stimulated phasic DA release simultaneously at different locations of the mouse dorsal striatum. Tonic DA measurement was enabled by coating GC electrodes with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/carbon nanotube (PEDOT/CNT) and using optimized square-wave voltammetry (SWV). Implanted PEDOT/CNT-coated MEAs achieved stable detection of tonic DA concentrations for up to 3 weeks in the mouse dorsal striatum. This is the first demonstration of implantable flexible MEA capable of multisite electrochemical sensing of both tonic and phasic DA dynamics in vivo with chronic stability.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flexible Glassy Carbon Multielectrode Array for In Vivo Multisite Detection of Tonic and Phasic Dopamine Concentrations

Castagnola

Robbins

et al. 2022

Biosensors

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“…Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) involving a carbon fiber microelectrode (CFM) is a well-established electrochemical technique that can effectively measure dopamine-level changes in the brain. − FSCV measures faradaic current changes based on the dopamine oxidation peak voltage exhibited in a voltammogram, after subtracting the background current. , The high scan rate of FSCV is sensitive enough to measure rapid changes in dopamine levels (phasic dopamine); however, it also generates a progressively large background charging current (capacitive current), making it difficult to analyze voltammetry beyond 2 min. , The steady rise in the amplitude of the dopamine peak in FSCV due to this background charging current is called background drift. FSCV background drift makes it difficult to measure slow changes in dopamine levels (tonic dopamine). − …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Second-Derivative-Based Background Drift Removal for a Tonic Dopamine Measurement in Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry

et al. 2022

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The dysregulation of dopamine, a neuromodulator, is associated with a broad spectrum of brain disorders, including Parkinson's disease, addiction, and schizophrenia. Quantitative measurements of dopamine are essential for understanding dopamine functional dynamics. Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) is the most widely used electrochemical technique for measuring real-time in vivo dopamine level changes. Standard FSCV has only been used to analyze "phasic dopamine" (changes in seconds), because the gradual generation of background charging current is inevitable, and acts as the main noise source in the low-frequency band. Although "tonic dopamine" (changes in minutes to hours) is key for understanding the dopamine system, an electrochemical technique capable of simultaneously measuring phasic and tonic dopamine in an in vivo environment has not been established. Several modified voltammetric techniques have been developed for measuring tonic dopamine, but the sampling rates (0.1-0.05 Hz) are too low to be useful. Further investigation of the in vivo applicability of previously developed background drift removal methods for measuring tonic dopamine levels is required. We developed a second-derivative-based background removal (SDBR) method for simultaneously measuring phasic and tonic neurotransmitter levels in real-time. The performance of this technique was tested via in silico and in vitro tonic dopamine experiments. Furthermore, its applicability was tested in vivo. SDBR is a simple, robust, post-processing technique that can extract tonic neurotransmitter levels from all FSCV data. As SDBR is calculated in individual-scan voltammogram units, it can be applied to any real-time closed-loop system that uses a neurotransmitter as a biomarker.

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“…For example, Nafion coated electrodes have been used to prevent fouling of carbon fiber electrodes by 5-HIAA whose similarities to serotonin would reduce recording specificity and fidelity (Hashemi et al, 2009). Developments in using alternative waveforms other than the traditional triangle waveform has been an inexpensive and easily implemented method to get around chemical selectivity issues (Puthongkham and Venton, 2020;Rafi and Zestos, 2021b). For example, using a square wave or staircase waveform can increase the sensitivity and selectivity for detecting dopamine to differentiate from other catecholamines (Park et al, 2018).…”

Section: Challenges and Optimizationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Letting the little light of mind shine: Advances and future directions in neurochemical detection

Tjahjono

Jin

Hsu

et al. 2022

Neuroscience Research

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Review—Recent Advances in FSCV Detection of Neurochemicals via Waveform and Carbon Microelectrode Modification

Cited by 23 publications

References 127 publications

Flexible Glassy Carbon Multielectrode Array for In Vivo Multisite Detection of Tonic and Phasic Dopamine Concentrations

Flexible Glassy Carbon Multielectrode Array for In Vivo Multisite Detection of Tonic and Phasic Dopamine Concentrations

Second-Derivative-Based Background Drift Removal for a Tonic Dopamine Measurement in Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry

Letting the little light of mind shine: Advances and future directions in neurochemical detection

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