Review—Recent Advancements in Electrochemical Sensors for 4-Aminoquinoline Drugs Determination in Biological and Environmental Samples

Abstract

4-Aminoquinoline including Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), amodiaquine (AQ), Chloroquine (CQ) are a quinoline with an amino group at the fourth position with a basic side chain. They are generally used as antimalarial medications. HCQ and CQ were recommended by the World Health Organization on March 2020 for use as a possible treatment to coronavirus. Long-term administration of 4-aminoquinoline drugs can be associated with toxic side-effects on the outer retina and the retinal pigment epithelium, making their determination in biological samples important. Several methods have been used for 4-Aminoquinoline compounds analysis, such as spectrophotometry, immunological, electrophoresis, chromatography, and electroanalytical methods. Electrochemical methods are preferable because they are simple, providing quick analysis and more sensitive performance. Until now, numerous electrochemical methods have been used to detect these drugs. Nevertheless, the utilization of later techniques is limited. This review describes different electrochemical sensors which are used for 4-aminoquinoline electroanalysis in complex matrices such as pharmaceuticals and biological fluids. For this, the fundamental analytical performance of the chosen sensors is investigated. The selectivity and oxidation mechanisms for 4-aminoquinoline reported in the literature were discussed. Also, the application of these sensors for 4-aminoquinoline monitoring in biological and environmental samples is reported.

Effect of Graphite Exfoliation Way on the Efficiency of Exfoliated Graphene for the Determination of Hydroxychloroquine in Urine and Waste Water

“…69 In the literature, studies have reported that few molecules interfere with the 4-aminoquinoline assay, specifically amodiaquine. 40 This leads to the conclusion that AC−rGO@CPE exhibits good selectivity toward HCQ determination in presence of the previously mentioned species.…”

“…[26][27][28] Thanks to its speed of analysis, high sensitivity, cheap cost, and low consumption of solvent, electroanalysis is advantageous compared to other analytical techniques. [29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39] Numerous electrochemical studies were reported for quantification of HCQ, 40 using different types of electrodes, either bare or modified such as glassy carbon electrodes (GCE), 41,42 carbon paste electrodes (CPE), 43,44 and boron-doped diamond electrodes (BDD). 45 However, the HCQ detection at electrodes showed that the oxidation overpotentials were superior, which prevents the quantification in biological and pharmaceutical samples.…”

Alkaline earth metal stannate TSnO3 (T = Ca and Sr) entrapped functionalized carbon nanofiber composites: active electrocatalysts for the determination of hydroxychloroquine in environmental samples

“…Thereby increasing the electrocatalytic activity and the selectivity of the assynthesized nanocomposite. 41,42 It displays extraordinary sensing abilities benefitting from their basal and edge plane defects concomitant with enhanced conductivity in several electrochemical investigations. 43 In our previous work, 44 we presented perovskite-type iron manganite encompassed on the surface of the functionalized nanofibre (f-CNF), which selectively sensed nimesulide associated with upsurged sensitivity and excellent reproducibility.…”

Synthesis of Reduced Graphene Oxide by Ethyl Acetate and Its Utilization in Determining Hydroxychloroquine in Wastewater and Pharmaceutical Samples

“…[10,11] And according to reports, HCQ biomolecules have a lengthy limitation half-life between one and two months. [12,13] Which will urge to develop fast and accurate analytical methods for detection and quantification of HCQ in real samples.…”

“…Moreover, the pharmacokinetic investigations demonstrate that a residue of HCQ over than 6.5 mg/kg per day has possible dangers to human metabolisms, including problems with the heart, outer retina, and respiration disorders [10,11] . And according to reports, HCQ biomolecules have a lengthy limitation half‐life between one and two months [12,13] . Which will urge to develop fast and accurate analytical methods for detection and quantification of HCQ in real samples.…”