Review on the production and utilization of green ammonia as an alternate fuel in dual-fuel compression ignition engines

Kurien, Caneon; Mittal, Mayank

doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2021.114990

Cited by 234 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 126 publications

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“…Nowadays, ammonia is considered the most promising solution for abating GHG emission in large-bore internal combustion engines for marine transportation and power generation sector (Kurien and Mittal, 2022), where the low energy density characteristic of the current battery technologies makes electric propulsion unfeasible. Some modifications are necessary to allow internal combustion engines running with NH 3 .…”

Section: Ammonia As Fuel In Internal Combustion Enginesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…NH3 can be successfully used as a hydrogen carrier thanks to the reliability of onboard systems for hydrogen production by means of NH 3 cracking or dissociation (Kurien and Mittal, 2022). Gill et al (2012) performed an experimental analysis of the FIGURE 6 | Indicated efficiency as a function of equivalence ratio ϕ under different hydrogen concentrations (Lhuillier et al, 2020b).…”

Section: Ammonia As Fuel In Compression-ignition Enginesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ammonia as Green Fuel in Internal Combustion Engines: State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives

et al. 2022

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Ammonia (NH3) is among the largest-volume chemicals produced and distributed in the world and is mainly known for its use as a fertilizer in the agricultural sector. In recent years, it has sparked interest in the possibility of working as a high-quality energy carrier and as a carbon-free fuel in internal combustion engines (ICEs). This review aimed to provide an overview of the research on the use of green ammonia as an alternative fuel for ICEs with a look to the future on possible applications and practical solutions to related problems. First of all, the ammonia production process is discussed. Present ammonia production is not a “green” process; the synthesis occurs starting from gaseous hydrogen currently produced from hydrocarbons. Some ways to produce green ammonia are reviewed and discussed. Then, the chemical and physical properties of ammonia as a fuel are described and explained in order to identify the main pros and cons of its use in combustion systems. Then, the most viable solutions for fueling internal combustion engines with ammonia are discussed. When using pure ammonia, high boost pressure and compression ratio are required to compensate for the low ammonia flame speed. In spark-ignition engines, adding hydrogen to ammonia helps in speeding up the flame front propagation and stabilizing the combustion. In compression-ignition engines, ammonia can be successfully used in dual-fuel mode with diesel. On the contrary, an increase in NOx and the unburned NH3 at the exhaust require the installation of apposite aftertreatment systems. Therefore, the use of ammonia seems to be more practicable for marine or stationary engine application where space constraints are not a problem. In conclusion, this review points out that ammonia has excellent potential to play a significant role as a sustainable fuel for the future in both retrofitted and new engines. However, significant further research and development activities are required before being able to consider large-scale industrial production of green ammonia. Moreover, uncertainties remain about ammonia safe and effective use and some technical issues need to be addressed to overcome poor combustion properties for utilization as a direct substitute for standard fuels.

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Section: Ammonia As Fuel In Internal Combustion Enginesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ammonia As Fuel In Compression-ignition Enginesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ammonia as Green Fuel in Internal Combustion Engines: State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives

et al. 2022

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“…Ammonia (NH 3 ) is one of the most important industrial chemicals in the world . Because of its high hydrogen storage capacity (17.6 wt %), high mass-energy density (22.5 MJ kg –1 ), and high volumetric energy density (11.5 MJ L –1 , higher than 8.491 MJ L –1 of liquid hydrogen), NH 3 is considered to be the most attractive energy/hydrogen source carrier. − At present, industrial NH 3 synthesis still relies on the traditional Haber–Bosch (H–B) process. After more than a century, the H–B process has been developed to a very mature state, and its energy efficiency is very close to the theoretical value .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coupling of LaFeO₃–Plasma Catalysis and Cu⁺/Cu⁰ Electrocatalysis for Direct Ammonia Synthesis from Air

Cui

Yang

Dai

et al. 2022

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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Ammonia (NH3) is an essential commodity manufactured by the chemical industry. However, it is still mainly synthesized via the traditional Haber–Bosch process, which is energy consuming and produces large amounts of CO2. As one of the most promising alternatives, the electrochemical reduction of nitrogen (N2) under mild reaction conditions exhibits only low efficiency for NH3 synthesis because of the low water solubility of N2 and the high energy of the triple bond in molecular N2. Here, we use an N2 fixation strategy of “oxidation–reduction” based on a coupled plasma catalysis and electrocatalytic system. First, a perovskite LaFeO3 catalyst is used in a nonthermal plasma to oxidize N2 to nitrate/nitrite (NO x –), which quickly dissolves in water for activation in the next step. The theoretical calculations indicate that the LaFeO3 with rich surface-reactive oxygen species has better activity and stability in the reaction than poor surface-reactive oxygen species, thereby enhancing the increase of NO x – production. Then NO x – is electrochemically reduced to NH3 using a Cu+/Cu0 catalyst with considerable activity (3.0 mg h–1 cm–2) and high faradaic efficiency (83.2%). The process only requires air and water as reactants. This strategy could provide a new and efficient pathway for NH3 synthesis directly from the air.

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“…Ammonia (NH 3 ), a carbon-free fuel with the advantages of high volumetric energy density, easy liquefaction, and renewable chemical synthesis, is most likely to be a substitute of fossil fuels in energy supply in the future. − However, there exist several technical challenges that limit the application of NH 3 /air combustion as follows: − (1) High autoignition temperature of pure NH 3 results in delayed ignition, e.g., the autoignition temperature of NH 3 , H 2 , and CH 4 is 923, 833, and 903 K, respectively . (2) Low spread speed of NH 3 flame leads to unstable combustion, e.g., the flame speed of NH 3 , H 2 , and CH 4 is 10, 280∼320, and 37 cm/s, respectively .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(3) High NOx concentration is emitted during NH 3 combustion because of its nature of containing-N. , In general, cocombustion of NH 3 blending with other fuels is an effective way to improve combustion performance and reduce NOx emissions. The common blended fuels are NH 3 /H 2 , NH 3 /CH 4 , NH 3 /gasoline, NH 3 /pulverized coal, etc. ,− Therefore, pulverized coal/NH 3 cocombustion is of great practical significance in large-scale CO 2 -reduced emission.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computational Study on Cocombustion Characteristics of Pulverized Coal Blending with NH₃ under Moderate or Intense Low-Oxygen Dilution Combustion Mode

et al. 2022

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Cocombustion technology of pulverized coal blending with NH 3 has a promising use in large-scale CO 2 reduced emission. However, the unstable flame and high NOx emissions during the cocombustion process retard its wide application. In order to overcome these limits, a new scheme of advanced moderate or intense low-oxygen dilution (MILD) combustion technology implemented in pulverized coal/NH 3 cocombustion is proposed in this work, and a numerical study on cocombustion characteristics of pulverized coal blending with different NH 3 proportions (0% ∼ 50% NH 3 , by caloric) is performed. Results show that the achievement of a pulverized coal/NH 3 MILD combustion regime is preferred at a high NH 3 case. As NH 3 proportions increase from 0 to 50%, the furnace temperatures are decreased due to the enhancement of heat transfer between flue gas and the furnace wall. The ignition time and temperature of coal particles are decreased by 52.1 and 33.0%, respectively, while the particle burnout time is prolonged by 52.3% and the char consumption rate decreases linearly. In addition, MILD combustion shows a good potential to reduce NOx conversion during pulverized coal/NH 3 cofiring. Although the proportion of NH 3 reaches up to 50%, NOx conversion ratio is only 2.1%. These results are expected to provide several new insights into stable flame and low NOx emissions of pulverized coal/NH 3 cocombustion.

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Review on the production and utilization of green ammonia as an alternate fuel in dual-fuel compression ignition engines

Cited by 234 publications

References 126 publications

Ammonia as Green Fuel in Internal Combustion Engines: State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives

Ammonia as Green Fuel in Internal Combustion Engines: State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives

Coupling of LaFeO₃–Plasma Catalysis and Cu⁺/Cu⁰ Electrocatalysis for Direct Ammonia Synthesis from Air

Computational Study on Cocombustion Characteristics of Pulverized Coal Blending with NH₃ under Moderate or Intense Low-Oxygen Dilution Combustion Mode

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Review on the production and utilization of green ammonia as an alternate fuel in dual-fuel compression ignition engines

Cited by 234 publications

References 126 publications

Ammonia as Green Fuel in Internal Combustion Engines: State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives

Ammonia as Green Fuel in Internal Combustion Engines: State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives

Coupling of LaFeO3–Plasma Catalysis and Cu+/Cu0 Electrocatalysis for Direct Ammonia Synthesis from Air

Computational Study on Cocombustion Characteristics of Pulverized Coal Blending with NH3 under Moderate or Intense Low-Oxygen Dilution Combustion Mode

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Coupling of LaFeO₃–Plasma Catalysis and Cu⁺/Cu⁰ Electrocatalysis for Direct Ammonia Synthesis from Air

Computational Study on Cocombustion Characteristics of Pulverized Coal Blending with NH₃ under Moderate or Intense Low-Oxygen Dilution Combustion Mode