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citations
Cited by 101 publications
(95 citation statements)
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References 54 publications
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“…First, when the uprising flow originates from a confined or semi-confined aquifer, the fluid pressure builds up within the confined zone due to limited space (Banton and Bangoy, 1997;Drever, 1997). Second, when the uprising flow originates from a geothermal reservoir hot enough that the fluid may exist in two phases (liquid and gas), gas dilatation will increase fluid pressure within the reservoir causing the fluid to rise toward the surface (Johnston et al, 2001;Zlotnicki and Nishida, 2003;Legaz et al, 2009).…”
Section: Groundwater Flow In Active Calderasmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…First, when the uprising flow originates from a confined or semi-confined aquifer, the fluid pressure builds up within the confined zone due to limited space (Banton and Bangoy, 1997;Drever, 1997). Second, when the uprising flow originates from a geothermal reservoir hot enough that the fluid may exist in two phases (liquid and gas), gas dilatation will increase fluid pressure within the reservoir causing the fluid to rise toward the surface (Johnston et al, 2001;Zlotnicki and Nishida, 2003;Legaz et al, 2009).…”
Section: Groundwater Flow In Active Calderasmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Since source regions are well known for their volcanic activity, observation is easier than in seismic cases. Electromagnetic phenomena associated with volcanic activities have been summarized in the works of Johnston (1997) and Zlotnicki (2003).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…If there is fluid flow, the movement of these ions causes a potential gradient to develop along the flow path. This is called a streaming potential and may be up to 100 mV in magnitude (Zlotnicki & Nishida 2003). When there is an excess of positive ions in the mobile layer (i.e.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Electrochemical effects can include ion diffusion and redox cells (Zlotnicki and Nishida 2003). Because both chemical and kinetic effects contribute to the same static potential field, it is difficult to determine which is responsible for any measured anomaly.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%