Review of Wood Modification and Wood Functionalization Technologies

Zelinka, Samuel L.; Altgen, Michael; Emmerich, Lukas; Guigo, Nathanaël; Keplinger, Tobias; Kymäläinen, Maija; Thybring, Emil Engelund; Thygesen, Lisbeth Garbrecht

doi:10.3390/f13071004

Cited by 67 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 275 publications

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“…A review [1] summarizes recent advances and provides a perspective on the choice of wood modification method, i.e., the currently commercialized methods (acetylation, furfurylation, and thermal modification). An ancient practice (charring) has been rediscovered, certain types of polymerization modifications have now reached pilot scale, and samples of new functional wood-based materials are being explored at laboratory scale.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mobile technology of thermal modification of wood

Horbachova¹,

Tsapko²,

Mazurchuk³

et al. 2022

Ukr. j. for. wood sci.

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Wood as a structural material has a number of disadvantages, including a short service life, relatively low dimensional stability, significant volumetric deformations under the influence of moisture, pronounced anisotropy and water absorption. Thermomodification slightly improves physical and mechanical properties, but the problem of changing surface characteristics, in particular adhesion, arises. In order to determine the technological characteristics of thermally modified wood and to develop possible measures to improve the technology of applying protective coatings, the surface energy and compressive strength limit along the fibers were determined. A comprehensive approach is applied to analyze the state of the thermally modified wood surface through the study of surface energy characteristics based on the Fowkes method, which takes into account dispersion, hydrogen and dipole-dipole interactions at the solid-liquid interface. According to the marginal angle of wetting, it was found that the process of thermal modification wood helps to increase the resistance of its surface to wetting due to a decrease in polarity by 1.68 times with an increase in the duration of modification to 30 min. At the same time, the surface free energy for samples modified at 300 °C for 5 min. is 64.5 mJ/m2, during 30 min. – 24.1 mJ/m2. Regarding compressive strength, thermal modification reduces the strength limit by 1.46 times. At a temperature of 300 ºС and a time of 5 min. and 15 min. the indicator remains at the level of ordinary wood – 42 MPa. Treatment for 30 min. reduces the strength limit to 29 MPa, wood loses plasticity. The obtained results make it possible to effectively choose stable coatings for such wood for high-quality surface treatment with paint and varnish materials. Knowing the moment of time from which the reduction of the strength limit begins, conducting the process of thermal modification becomes more controlled and makes it possible to predict the characteristics of the future material

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Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mobile technology of thermal modification of wood

Horbachova¹,

Tsapko²,

Mazurchuk³

et al. 2022

Ukr. j. for. wood sci.

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“…Modifications of wood can limit the access of water molecules in the cell wall by bulking the available space and/or by reducing the number of accessible sorption sites in the structure ( Thybring and Fredriksson, 2021 ). The most utilized wood modification processes are acetylation, thermal modification and furfurylation ( Rowell, 2006 ; Mantanis, 2017 ; Hill et al, 2021 ; Zelinka et al, 2022 ). Acetylation of wood by reaction with acetic anhydride substitutes a fraction of the hydroxyl groups with the more voluminous acetyl groups ( Çelen et al, 2007 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Raman micro-spectroscopy of two types of acetylated Norway spruce wood at controlled relative humidity

et al. 2022

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Water is a key element for wood performance, as water molecules interact with the wood structure and affect important material characteristics such as mechanical properties and durability. Understanding wood-water interactions is consequently essential for all applications of wood, including the design of wood materials with improved durability by chemical modification. In this work, we used Raman micro-spectroscopy in combination with a specially designed moisture chamber to map molecular groups in wood cell walls under controlled moisture conditions in the hygroscopic range. We analyzed both untreated and chemically modified (acetylated to achieve two different spatial distributions of acetyl groups within the cell wall) Norway spruce wood. By moisture conditioning the specimens successively to 5, 50, and 95% relative humidity using deuterium oxide (D2O), we localized the moisture in the cell walls as well as distinguished between hydroxyl groups accessible and inaccessible to water. The combination of Raman micro-spectroscopy with a moisturizing system with deuterium oxide allowed unprecedented mapping of wood-water interactions. The results confirm lower moisture uptake in acetylated samples, and furthermore showed that the location of moisture within the cell wall of acetylated wood is linked to the regions where acetylation is less pronounced. The study demonstrates the local effect that targeted acetylation has on moisture uptake in wood cell walls, and introduces a novel experimental set-up for simultaneously exploring sub-micron level wood chemistry and moisture in wood under hygroscopic conditions.

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“…In order to extend the service life of wood and wood products, various methods and techniques are applied including chemical processing (furfurylation or acetylation), thermal modification, or impregnation with numerous substances and chemicals [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ]. Wood preservatives are fungistatic or fungitoxic chemicals including oil-borne preservatives such as pentachlorophenol or creosote, which are still used for industrial applications where the wood will be in limited contact with humans.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Wood preservatives are fungistatic or fungitoxic chemicals including oil-borne preservatives such as pentachlorophenol or creosote, which are still used for industrial applications where the wood will be in limited contact with humans. Wood is also impregnated with waterborne wood preservatives, which nearly all contain copper as a biocide [ 10 , 13 ]. However, most traditional wood preservatives, due to their toxicity, cause serious environmental hazards.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antifungal Agents in Wood Protection—A Review

Woźniak

2022

Molecules

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The biodegradation of wood and wood products caused by fungi is recognized as one of the most significant problems worldwide. To extend the service life of wood products, wood is treated with preservatives, often with inorganic compounds or synthetic pesticides that have a negative impact on the environment. Therefore, the development of new, environmentally friendly wood preservatives is being carried out in research centers around the world. The search for natural, plant, or animal derivatives as well as obtaining synthetic compounds that will be safe for humans and do not pollute the environment, while at the same time present biological activity is crucial in terms of environmental protection. The review paper presents information in the literature on the substances and chemical compounds of natural origin (plant and animal derivatives) and synthetic compounds with a low environmental impact, showing antifungal properties, used in research on the ecological protection of wood. The review includes literature reports on the potential application of various antifungal agents including plant extracts, alkaloids, essential oils and their components, propolis extract, chitosan, ionic liquids, silicon compounds, and nanoparticles as well as their combinations.

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Review of Wood Modification and Wood Functionalization Technologies

Cited by 67 publications

References 275 publications

Mobile technology of thermal modification of wood

Mobile technology of thermal modification of wood

Raman micro-spectroscopy of two types of acetylated Norway spruce wood at controlled relative humidity

Antifungal Agents in Wood Protection—A Review

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